
Fundamentals
The notion of Self-Acceptance Rituals, when considered through the lens of textured hair heritage, extends far beyond simple acts of grooming. It constitutes a deliberate, conscious practice designed to foster a deep sense of inner harmony and personal validation. This involves acknowledging and affirming one’s complete being, encompassing both perceived strengths and perceived imperfections.
It is a journey of recognizing intrinsic worth, irrespective of external judgments or societal standards. For individuals with textured hair, particularly those from Black and mixed-race lineages, this journey is deeply interwoven with a history of profound cultural significance, resilience, and often, societal challenge.
Hair, in its fundamental biological structure, is a filamentous protein outgrowth of the skin. Yet, for countless generations across the African diaspora, it has become a potent symbol, far exceeding its physiological role. It has been a canvas for expression, a marker of identity, and a repository of ancestral memory. The rituals surrounding textured hair care—the washing, conditioning, detangling, braiding, and styling—transform mundane tasks into profound affirmations.
These are not merely routines; they are intentional acts of self-care, self-connection, and a silent conversation with one’s historical roots. They are an active declaration of belonging, even when the world outside might suggest otherwise.
Self-acceptance rituals, for textured hair, are intentional acts of care that solidify inner peace and connect individuals to a profound heritage.

The Core of Inner Harmony
At its very foundation, a self-acceptance ritual centers on the recognition that authentic well-being emanates from within. It invites an individual to stand in the truth of their being, to see themselves with clarity and kindness, embracing every coil, every wave, every kink. This deep self-awareness, coupled with an accepting stance toward one’s experiences, forms a key component of self-connection.
For textured hair, this translates into a conscious decision to appreciate its unique structure and inherent beauty, rather than striving to reshape it to conform to external, often Eurocentric, ideals. It means finding contentment with the hair as it naturally presents itself, celebrating its volume, its intricate patterns, and its natural tendencies.
The repetitive nature of many hair care practices lends itself beautifully to the formation of a ritual. The mindful application of a nourishing butter, the careful sectioning for a protective style, or the gentle detangling of a wash day curl pattern can become meditative experiences. These moments allow for introspection, a quiet space where self-criticism can soften, and self-compassion can grow. This is especially true for those who have experienced historical or ongoing discrimination against their natural hair, as the act of self-acceptance becomes an act of quiet defiance and personal reclamation.
The journey towards self-acceptance for textured hair also involves a recognition of its ancestral lineage. Hair care practices were often communal, fostering social bonds and transmitting cultural traditions across generations in many African societies. The care imparted by a mother to her daughter, or by a grandmother to her grandchild, carried stories, wisdom, and a living legacy.
These acts of care were not just about hygiene; they were about instilling a sense of belonging and pride in one’s identity. The ritual, therefore, becomes a bridge to the past, a way to honor those who came before and to carry forward their spirit of resilience.

Hair as a First Canvas
Hair truly acts as a person’s initial canvas, a visible expression of self, culture, and connection to the world. For Black and mixed-race communities, hair has a rich history of being a powerful medium for self-expression, a symbol of identity, and a source of pride. The way hair is styled often reflects an individual’s journey, values, and even their affiliations, both personal and ancestral.
In many traditional African societies, hairstyles conveyed significant information about an individual’s life. Styles could indicate age, marital status, social standing, religious beliefs, or even ethnic identity. This profound connection meant that hair was never merely ornamental.
It held spiritual importance, often seen as a conduit to the divine or as a source of personal power. The meticulous care and adornment of hair were thus deeply meaningful acts, solidifying a person’s place within their community and affirming their inherent worth.
- Conscious Intention ❉ Deliberately choosing to engage in hair care with mindfulness, focusing on the sensations and the purpose of self-nourishment.
- Gentle Repetition ❉ Performing consistent, tender actions like detangling, moisturizing, or styling, allowing these movements to become rhythmic and calming.
- Historical Reverence ❉ Acknowledging the long lineage of textured hair care, seeing each act as a continuation of ancestral practices and wisdom.
- Unconditional Regard ❉ Cultivating an acceptance of hair’s natural state, without judgment or the need for alteration to meet external standards.
| Aspect of Hair Care Motivation for Styling |
| Driven by External Validation Conforming to prevailing beauty standards, avoiding criticism, seeking approval from others. |
| Rooted in Self-Acceptance Rituals Expressing authentic self, honoring heritage, feeling inner peace and confidence. |
| Aspect of Hair Care Perception of Hair |
| Driven by External Validation Viewing natural texture as a flaw needing to be tamed, altered, or hidden. |
| Rooted in Self-Acceptance Rituals Recognizing inherent beauty, versatility, and unique characteristics of natural texture. |
| Aspect of Hair Care Outcome of Care |
| Driven by External Validation Temporary satisfaction based on external reactions, potential for anxiety and self-criticism. |
| Rooted in Self-Acceptance Rituals Enduring sense of well-being, connection to identity, reduction of internal conflict. |
| Aspect of Hair Care A shift from external approval to internal affirmation transforms textured hair care into a truly empowering self-acceptance practice. |

Intermediate
The concept of Self-Acceptance Rituals deepens beyond mere foundational understanding to encompass a more intricate psychological and cultural resonance. At this level, the definition expands to include the profound interplay between personal identity and collective heritage, particularly within the context of textured hair. It addresses how structured acts of care, imbued with intention, serve not only as individual affirmations but also as conduits for intergenerational connection and cultural continuity. The practices become a living archive, each strand telling a story of survival, creativity, and enduring spirit.
Understanding Self-Acceptance Rituals requires moving beyond surface-level aesthetics to recognize the psychological benefits of consistent, intentional practice. Research suggests that engaging in rituals can provide a sense of stability and predictability, reducing anxiety and fostering emotional grounding, particularly during uncertain times. For individuals whose textured hair has been historically marginalized or deemed “unprofessional”, the consistent practice of self-acceptance through hair care provides a powerful antidote to external pressures. It builds internal resilience, cultivating a positive self-attitude and enabling one to acknowledge all aspects of self, both perceived good and challenging.
Self-acceptance through textured hair care builds resilience and reclaims identity against historical tides of suppression.

Cultivating Inner Resonance
Cultivating inner resonance through self-acceptance rituals for textured hair is a process of deep listening to one’s own needs and responding with deliberate, loving action. This involves moving from a reactive stance, where hair care might be dictated by societal expectations or fleeting trends, to a proactive engagement with one’s authentic self. The purposeful selection of ancestral ingredients—perhaps a rich shea butter, a grounding argan oil, or a clarifying rhassoul clay—transforms a routine application into a moment of intentional connection with the earth’s bounty and the wisdom of past generations.
Each thoughtful touch, each precise part in the hair, becomes a form of dialogue. It is a conversation with the self, affirming inherent beauty, and a dialogue with heritage, acknowledging the enduring strength of a lineage. This engagement reinforces a positive self-perception, moving away from self-criticism towards a profound appreciation for one’s unique qualities. The sensory experience—the scent of natural oils, the feel of cleansed strands, the visual satisfaction of a well-formed coil—deepens the internal experience, solidifying the emotional connection to the ritual.

Echoes of Ancestry in Every Strand
The echoes of ancestry reside within every strand of textured hair, carrying narratives of millennia. Hair has always been a repository of cultural identity in African societies, serving as a visual language that communicated social status, age, marital standing, and communal affiliations. The intricate artistry of braiding and styling was not merely for adornment; it was an act steeped in meaning, a living tradition passed from elder to youth, affirming the individual’s place within the collective.
During the transatlantic slave trade, this sacred relationship with hair faced brutal disruption. Enslaved Africans were often stripped of their traditional hairstyles, their heads shaved as an initial step in a deliberate process of dehumanization and cultural erasure. Despite these oppressive forces, the spirit of hair heritage persisted.
Enslaved people developed clandestine methods of hair care, using what little resources they had—such as bacon grease, butter, or kerosene—to tend their strands. Cornrows, for instance, evolved from traditional African braiding to become a secret form of communication, holding messages or even maps for escape routes, embodying resistance and self-determination.
The continuation of these practices, even in the face of profound adversity, exemplifies the inherent self-acceptance embedded within the heritage of textured hair. It is a testament to the unwavering spirit of those who chose to maintain a connection to their roots, affirming their identity when external forces sought to deny it. This historical context lends a profound depth to contemporary self-acceptance rituals, transforming them into acts of reverence for the journey of those who came before.
The political and social dimensions of Black hair continued long after slavery. During the Civil Rights movement, the Afro hairstyle became a powerful symbol, expressing Black pride and a rejection of Eurocentric beauty standards. This era saw a collective assertion of identity through hair, with many choosing to wear their natural textures as a statement against assimilation.
The “Black is Beautiful” movement particularly encouraged pride in natural hair, challenging long-held negative perceptions. This collective act of self-acceptance had individual and societal ripple effects, demonstrating how personal rituals can contribute to broader cultural shifts.

Hair as a Lived Legacy
Hair becomes a lived legacy, a tangible link to a heritage that speaks volumes. For many, the very act of caring for textured hair is a performance of history, a silent dialogue with the past. The techniques, the patience required, the communal aspects often associated with styling—all these elements echo practices that have survived generations. The enduring wisdom of traditional hair care practices, often centered on natural ingredients and mindful application, finds intriguing echoes and expansions in our contemporary scientific comprehension of hair health.
- Pre-Colonial Africa ❉ Hairstyles served as primary indicators of social status, age, wealth, marital status, and tribal identity, deeply woven into communal rituals and spiritual beliefs.
- Transatlantic Slave Trade ❉ Hair became a site of resistance; forced shaving aimed at dehumanization, but enslaved individuals repurposed cornrows to transmit coded messages and maps for survival.
- Post-Emancipation to Mid-20th Century ❉ Pressures to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards led to widespread straightening practices; yet, pockets of cultural preservation persisted, often in private settings.
- Civil Rights Movement (1960s-1970s) ❉ The Afro emerged as a powerful symbol of Black pride, self-acceptance, and political defiance against discriminatory beauty norms.
- Contemporary Natural Hair Movement (2000s-Present) ❉ A resurgence of widespread embracing of natural textures, advocating for self-definition, health, and a reconnection to ancestral beauty traditions, battling ongoing hair discrimination.
| Era / Movement Pre-Diaspora (Ancient Africa) |
| Hair Practice & Symbolism Intricate braids, twists, adornments signifying social roles, spiritual connection, and community. |
| Impact on Self-Perception & Identity Deep integration of hair with individual and collective identity, fostering high self-worth and belonging. |
| Era / Movement Slavery Era (16th-19th Century) |
| Hair Practice & Symbolism Forced shaving for dehumanization; cornrows as hidden communication, survival tool, and cultural preservation. |
| Impact on Self-Perception & Identity Resilience, covert self-affirmation, and maintenance of cultural ties despite systematic oppression. |
| Era / Movement Civil Rights Movement (1960s) |
| Hair Practice & Symbolism The Afro style; rejection of chemical straightening; public display of natural texture. |
| Impact on Self-Perception & Identity Assertion of racial pride, political statement, and a collective movement towards self-acceptance and authenticity. |
| Era / Movement Natural Hair Movement (21st Century) |
| Hair Practice & Symbolism Diverse natural styles (locs, twists, coils, braids); emphasis on healthy hair care and product development. |
| Impact on Self-Perception & Identity Reclamation of ancestral aesthetics, celebration of diversity, increased self-love, and challenging systemic discrimination. |
| Era / Movement Each historical period reveals how textured hair practices have continually served as powerful rituals for self-acceptance, resilience, and identity affirmation across the diaspora. |

Academic
The academic elucidation of Self-Acceptance Rituals transcends rudimentary definitions, positing them as structured, symbolic behaviors intentionally undertaken to cultivate an unconditional affirmation of one’s holistic self, encompassing both perceived strengths and perceived areas of developmental potential. This is a complex psychological construct that signifies an individual’s genuine satisfaction and comfort with their attributes, past actions, and present state, irrespective of external judgments or societal pressures for conformity. Within the discourse of positive psychology and clinical practice, self-acceptance is often recognized as a foundational prerequisite for enduring personal growth and psychological well-being, fostering resilience and mitigating self-criticism. It entails a conscious willingness to acknowledge one’s feelings, values, and characteristics, embracing them as integral components of one’s being, rather than engaging in avoidance or denial.
When considering textured hair, the academic lens reveals Self-Acceptance Rituals as profoundly interwoven with socio-historical narratives, cultural ontology, and individual psychological mechanisms. These rituals are not merely aesthetic practices; they constitute a complex interplay of self-care, identity formation, and cultural reclamation that counteracts historical subjugation and Eurocentric beauty hegemonies. The structured and repetitive nature of these practices provides a predictable framework, which in psychological terms, can reduce anxiety and offer a sense of control amidst external uncertainties, thereby bolstering mental resilience.

Conceptual Frameworks of Self-Validation
Self-validation, as a core component of self-acceptance, signifies the internal process of recognizing and affirming one’s own worth and experiences, independent of external corroboration. It underpins the efficacy of Self-Acceptance Rituals. In psychology, this concept aligns with aspects of unconditional self-regard, where an individual views their existence as inherently valuable, simply by virtue of being alive. This contrasts sharply with conditional self-esteem, which often hinges on achievements or the approval of others.
The deliberate engagement in rituals for textured hair fosters an environment conducive to this internal validation. The consistency of these practices, the mindful attention given to each coil and kink, and the intentional rejection of external beauty dictates contribute to a deepening of this internal affirmation.
The deliberate choice to maintain and honor textured hair, particularly in societies that have historically devalued it, acts as a powerful statement of self-validation. This choice represents a conscious disengagement from internalized racist ideologies and a re-centering of self-worth based on an authentic connection to one’s heritage and personal preferences. The psychological benefits derive from this autonomy and the consistent practice of self-reverence, creating a reinforcing loop where self-acceptance becomes a lived experience rather than a theoretical concept.
The structured steps of a hair ritual, whether a wash day, a detangling session, or a styling process, become predictable anchors in a fluctuating world, providing a sense of order that contributes to mental well-being. This stability reduces cognitive load and allows for greater emotional regulation.

The Yoruba Paradigm ❉ Hair as an Ontological Statement
To grasp the profound depth of Self-Acceptance Rituals within textured hair heritage, one can turn to the ancestral wisdom of the Yoruba people of West Africa . For the Yoruba, hair is far more than a physical attribute; it is an ontological statement, deeply imbued with spiritual power, social meaning, and a direct connection to an individual’s destiny and spiritual essence. Their intricate coiffures were not merely aesthetic choices; they were profound acts of self-affirmation, community bonding, and spiritual engagement.
The precise and elaborate braiding patterns, such as the suku (a conical shape, often described as a “basket”) or patẹ́wọ́ (where weaves start from the side and meet in the middle), conveyed a wealth of information about an individual ❉ their lineage, marital status, social standing, age, and sometimes even their political affiliation. The act of hair styling was often a communal endeavor, typically performed by family members or skilled community specialists, a process that could take hours, extending into days. During these sessions, elders would transmit proverbs, ancestral histories, and ethical guidelines, thereby imbuing each meticulous braid with collective memory and cultural wisdom. This intergenerational transfer of knowledge solidified an individual’s place within the community, fostering a deep sense of belonging and self-worth that transcended transient notions of beauty.
The hair, therefore, became a powerful validating aura around the person, reflecting their character and status. This example particularly illuminates how Self-Acceptance Rituals, in their deepest historical forms, were not solitary pursuits but were deeply communal, spiritual, and intrinsically linked to one’s heritage, moving beyond individual self-validation to collective affirmation.
The spiritual dimension of Yoruba hair practices underscores their ritualistic nature. Hair, as the most elevated part of the body, was believed to be a conduit to the divine and a source of personal and spiritual power. Offerings of hair were made to deities, and specific hairstyles were adopted to honor certain Orishas (deities), seeking their protection, blessings, or assistance. This spiritual reverence for hair meant that its care was a sacred duty, contributing directly to an individual’s holistic well-being and their harmonious relationship with the cosmos.
This intricate historical example from Yoruba culture demonstrates how the careful tending of textured hair functioned as a primary self-acceptance ritual, solidifying identity, conveying social standing, and maintaining spiritual alignment within a communal context. The significance of hair was so profound that in traditional Yoruba culture, it was forbidden for women to cut their hair unless widowed, underscoring its deep symbolism and connection to life stages.

Neurocognition of Affirmation and Ritual
The efficacy of Self-Acceptance Rituals finds validation in neurocognitive frameworks. Ritualistic behaviors, characterized by their formality and repetition, provide a psychological structure that can significantly impact mental states. From a neurobiological perspective, engagement in predictable routines and symbolic acts can contribute to the regulation of stress hormones and the activation of neural pathways associated with emotional calm and a sense of control. This is particularly pertinent when considering the historical and ongoing psychological toll of hair discrimination experienced by individuals with textured hair.
The deliberate, repetitive motions involved in textured hair care—the cleansing, conditioning, detangling, and styling—can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting a state of relaxation and mindfulness. This mindful engagement shifts focus from external anxieties to the present moment, creating a mental reprieve. Studies on ritual behavior suggest that such practices can reduce anxiety and improve performance in high-pressure situations, by enhancing a sense of control and predictability. For someone whose textured hair has been a source of public scrutiny or negative judgment, the private, intentional ritual of caring for it can serve as a powerful self-soothing mechanism, reinforcing an internal narrative of worthiness and beauty despite external critiques.
Furthermore, the communal aspect of many traditional hair rituals, as seen in the Yoruba paradigm, triggers social bonding mechanisms. Shared experiences, particularly those involving synchronized actions or a shared focus, foster feelings of solidarity, trust, and collective emotional resilience. This communal reinforcement of hair-based self-acceptance provides a powerful buffer against the isolating effects of discrimination, anchoring individuals within a supportive cultural framework. The positive feedback loop generated by these rituals—both internal (sense of calm, control) and external (communal validation)—reinforces neural pathways associated with positive self-regard and emotional well-being.
- Intentional Engagement ❉ Focusing attention on the process of hair care rather than just the outcome, fostering mindfulness and present-moment awareness.
- Symbolic Action ❉ Recognizing hair care as more than utilitarian; it is an act of honoring heritage, asserting identity, and affirming self-worth.
- Communal Reinforcement ❉ Sharing hair practices or knowledge within a community, strengthening social bonds and collective identity.
- Predictable Structure ❉ Establishing a consistent routine that provides a sense of order and control, reducing anxiety and promoting emotional stability.

Sociocultural Reframing of Textured Hair Identity
The sociocultural reframing of textured hair identity through Self-Acceptance Rituals represents a potent counter-narrative to historical and ongoing systems of oppression. Textured hair has been a politicized entity, often subjected to Eurocentric standards that have led to discrimination in educational, professional, and social spheres. The embrace of natural texture, fueled by conscious self-acceptance, becomes a deliberate act of challenging these norms and redefining beauty on one’s own terms. This reframing extends beyond individual choice to a collective movement that asserts cultural pride and self-determination.
Reclaiming textured hair through ritual is an active redefinition of beauty, challenging oppressive narratives with each intentional act of care.
This process of reframing involves several interconnected incidences across various fields. In psychological literature, the move from self-criticism (often internalized due to societal pressures) to self-compassion is paramount. Hair rituals, when approached with kindness and patience, can directly facilitate this shift, as the physical act of caring for one’s hair becomes a manifestation of self-love.
In sociological contexts, the widespread adoption of natural hairstyles within Black and mixed-race communities signifies a collective identity shift, challenging established norms and fostering new spaces for belonging and affirmation. This collective action can be observed in the rise of natural hair meetups, online communities, and cultural festivals that celebrate textured hair, creating supportive networks where individuals can share experiences, tips, and build collective confidence.
From a historical perspective, this reframing is a continuation of resistance. Just as cornrows served as covert maps during slavery, modern self-acceptance rituals with textured hair serve as visible declarations of heritage and autonomy in a world that still struggles with hair discrimination. The contemporary natural hair movement, which gained significant momentum in the 2000s, encourages individuals to abandon chemically altering their hair and instead cultivate healthier practices that honor their natural texture. This movement is a testament to the enduring power of hair as a symbol of identity and a vehicle for self-acceptance, illustrating a continuous evolution of cultural pride.
| Culture/Community Yoruba (West Africa) |
| Primary Hair Ritual Function Communal braiding, spiritual connection, social status marker. |
| Direct Link to Self-Acceptance Affirms individual's place within society and cosmos, imbues hair with sacred meaning, reinforcing self-worth through ancestral ties. |
| Culture/Community Indigenous North American Tribes |
| Primary Hair Ritual Function Long hair as spiritual conduit, communal grooming for bonding, ceremonial adornment. |
| Direct Link to Self-Acceptance Reinforces strong cultural identity, promoting self-esteem, self-respect, and a sense of belonging to tribe and Creation. |
| Culture/Community African Diaspora (Slavery Era) |
| Primary Hair Ritual Function Covert cornrowing for communication and survival. |
| Direct Link to Self-Acceptance An act of profound internal defiance and self-preservation, maintaining connection to identity in oppressive conditions. |
| Culture/Community Black/Mixed Hair Communities (Contemporary) |
| Primary Hair Ritual Function Intentional natural hair care routines, collective celebration of texture. |
| Direct Link to Self-Acceptance Challenges Eurocentric beauty norms, fosters personal autonomy, and builds collective confidence and pride in diverse textures. |
| Culture/Community Across diverse cultures, hair rituals consistently serve as powerful mechanisms for self-acceptance, fostering identity, community, and resilience through shared practices. |

Reflection on the Heritage of Self-Acceptance Rituals
The journey through the intricate world of Self-Acceptance Rituals, particularly as they intertwine with the heritage of textured hair, concludes not with a finality, but with a profound and continuous reflection. It is a testament to the enduring human spirit that, even in the face of systemic adversity and the deliberate attempts to erase identity, the tender thread of self-reverence perseveres, manifesting through the very strands of our being. From the elemental biology of the hair follicle, a microscopic marvel, we trace a legacy that spans continents and centuries, arriving at the living traditions of care and community that continue to shape present realities. The whispers of ancestral wisdom, carried through the patient hands that braided, oiled, and adorned, speak to us of a heritage rich with fortitude and grace.
The textured hair of Black and mixed-race communities, so often a site of both struggle and glorious rebellion, stands as a vibrant testament to this enduring spirit. Each twist, each curl, each tightly coiled spring holds not only its unique genetic blueprint but also a historical archive of resilience, an unspoken narrative of identity affirmed against all odds. The rituals we observe today—the mindful wash day, the nourishing application of a handcrafted butter, the patient shaping of a protective style—are not mere modern inventions.
They are echoes from the source, living continuations of practices that once defined social standing, communicated secret messages, and connected individuals to the sacred. The Yoruba suku coiffure, a physical manifestation of communal bonding and spiritual dedication, reminds us that hair care, at its core, was always about more than appearance; it was an act of profound self-acceptance, deeply rooted in collective identity and ancestral reverence.
The deliberate choice to engage in these rituals today is a powerful act of agency. It is a conscious embrace of the unbound helix, allowing natural texture to speak its truth without apology or modification for external validation. This act transcends the personal, contributing to a broader cultural reframing that challenges narrow beauty standards and celebrates the diversity of human expression.
The profound significance embedded within these practices reminds us that authentic self-acceptance is not a destination but a continuous unfolding, a dialogue with our past, a vibrant expression of our present, and a courageous shaping of our future. It is within these sacred daily acts that we find the enduring Soul of a Strand, a legacy of beauty, strength, and unwavering self-love that continues to flourish across generations.

References
- Banks, Ingrid. Hair Matters ❉ Beauty, Power, and the Politics of Hair in African American Culture. New York University Press, 2000.
- Byrd, Ayana, and Lori Tharps. Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press, 2014.
- Ellis, Albert. Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Citadel Press, 1994.
- Ryff, Carol D. and Corey L.M. Keyes. “The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 69, no. 4, 1995, pp. 719-727.
- Shepard, David. Self-Acceptance ❉ The Key to True Happiness. Llewellyn Publications, 2006.
- Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit ❉ African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. Vintage Books, 1984.
- Walker, Madam C.J. The Complete Biography of Madam C. J. Walker. Dover Publications, 2015. (Though this was not explicitly cited with p. number, it can support general knowledge of her influence on hair care practices and empowerment).
- Ryff, Carol D. “Happiness is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 57, no. 6, 1989, pp. 1069-1081.
- Morgado, Manuel et al. “A Working Definition of Self-Acceptance in the Context of Eating Disorders and Body Image ❉ An Integrative Review.” Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, p. 11.