Pre-Slavery Africa

Fundamentals

Pre-Slavery Africa represents a vast and vibrant expanse of human ingenuity, cultural richness, and self-governance that existed across the African continent long before the harrowing shadows of the transatlantic slave trade began to loom. It is a period that encompasses millennia of diverse civilizations, each with unique societal structures, spiritual beliefs, artistic expressions, and, profoundly, distinctive approaches to hair and its care. The very term “Pre-Slavery Africa” is not a monolithic label, but rather a descriptor of a time characterized by an extraordinary kaleidoscope of human experience, a testament to the boundless creativity and resilience of its peoples. This era signifies a time when African communities, unburdened by external subjugation, freely developed their own intricate systems of meaning, identity, and communal well-being, with hair often serving as a central, living chronicle of these rich narratives.

Within this historical context, the Meaning of hair transcended mere aesthetics. It was a potent visual language, a repository of collective memory, and a deeply integrated aspect of spiritual and social life. The Definition of beauty was intrinsically linked to health, vitality, and the intricate artistry of hair adornment, reflecting a holistic understanding of human existence. From the bustling marketplaces of ancient Timbuktu to the verdant plains of the Great Lakes region, hair communicated volumes about an individual’s place in the world.

It conveyed age, marital status, lineage, occupation, and even religious affiliation. The careful cultivation and styling of hair were not superficial acts; they were profound rituals of connection—to ancestors, to community, and to the divine.

Pre-Slavery Africa was a mosaic of civilizations where hair was a living language, expressing identity, status, and spiritual connection.

The earliest known evidence of hair care practices in Africa stretches back thousands of years. Archaeological discoveries across the continent reveal sophisticated tools and techniques that underscore the enduring significance of hair. For instance, ancient Egyptian society, a cornerstone of North African civilization, meticulously cared for hair, often utilizing wigs crafted from human hair, wool, and plant fibers. These elaborate constructions, adorned with precious materials, symbolized wealth, religious devotion, and a direct link to the divine.

(Afriklens, 2024) Further south, the Kingdom of Kush, flourishing from approximately 1070 BCE to 350 CE, also valued intricate hairstyles as markers of status and affiliation, with temple carvings depicting figures with distinctive braided and cornrow styles, showcasing a commitment to tradition and cultural pride. (Afriklens, 2024) These ancient roots highlight a continuous thread of hair veneration across diverse African cultures.

Hair as a Living Chronicle

In pre-colonial African societies, hair functioned as a dynamic canvas upon which life stories and communal values were inscribed. The Explanation for this profound connection lies in the belief that hair, as the highest point of the body, served as a conduit to the spiritual realm and a direct link to ancestral wisdom. Hairdressers, therefore, held esteemed positions within their communities, acting not only as artisans but also as spiritual guides and keepers of tradition. The meticulous processes of washing, oiling, braiding, and decorating hair were often communal events, fostering social bonding and the transmission of knowledge from elder to youth.

The diverse styles found across the continent were far from arbitrary. Each braid, twist, or sculpted form carried a specific Connotation. For the Yoruba people of Nigeria, hair was so deeply intertwined with identity that they believed one’s success or failure in life could be influenced by the hair on their head. (ResearchGate, n.d.) This deep-seated belief underscores the profound respect and care afforded to hair, positioning it as a vital aspect of personal and collective destiny.

• Braids ❉ These varied from simple, functional plaits to complex, symbolic designs. Cornrows, for instance, often followed geometric or symbolic patterns, sometimes even serving as a covert means of communication during times of duress. (TikTok, 2025)
• Locs ❉ Revered in many cultures, locs were not only a style but also a spiritual statement, signifying deep connection to the earth and ancestors, as seen among the Himba tribe of Namibia. (Afriklens, 2024)
• Sculpted Styles ❉ Some communities crafted elaborate, structural hairstyles using natural clays, oils, and even animal fats to create striking forms that conveyed social standing or ceremonial readiness. (YouTube, 2019)

Intermediate

Expanding upon the foundational understanding, the intermediate Description of Pre-Slavery Africa reveals a continent where hair care was an advanced form of ethnobotanical science, cultural expression, and communal ritual. This era was marked by a sophisticated knowledge of indigenous plants, minerals, and animal products, all utilized to maintain the health and aesthetic vitality of textured hair. The practices were deeply interwoven with daily life, seasonal cycles, and significant life passages, offering a holistic model of well-being that resonates with contemporary wellness movements.

The vast geographical expanse of Pre-Slavery Africa meant an incredible diversity of hair traditions, each a unique manifestation of the human spirit. From the arid Sahel to the lush rainforests, communities adapted their hair practices to their environments, leveraging local resources with profound ingenuity. The Elucidation of these practices shows not only a mastery of natural ingredients but also a nuanced understanding of hair’s elemental biology, even without modern scientific terminology. They recognized the need for moisture, protection, and nourishment for diverse textured hair types.

Botanical Alchemy and Hair Wellness

The rich biodiversity of the African continent provided an unparalleled pharmacopeia for hair care. Indigenous communities possessed extensive knowledge of plants, their properties, and their applications. This ancestral wisdom, passed down through generations, formed the bedrock of hair wellness. For instance, the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), indigenous to the sub-Saharan savannah belt, was a cornerstone of hair and skin care in many West and Central African societies.

Its butter, extracted from the nuts, was a primary moisturizer and protective agent, used to soften hair, seal in moisture, and shield it from environmental elements. (ResearchGate, 2021)

Beyond shea butter, a multitude of other natural ingredients were regularly employed. Oils from moringa, baobab, and argan trees, alongside various herbs, clays, and plant extracts, formed a complex system of care. These natural resources were often prepared through intricate processes, demonstrating a deep understanding of their beneficial compounds. The application of these preparations was not merely functional; it was a sensory experience, often accompanied by storytelling, singing, and shared laughter, reinforcing community bonds.

Traditional African hair care was a testament to sophisticated ethnobotanical knowledge, utilizing nature’s bounty for profound wellness.

Consider the Significance of hair oiling rituals. These were not simply about lubrication; they were about infusing the hair with life-giving nutrients, enhancing its natural luster, and protecting it from breakage. The practice of oiling, often done communally, transformed a routine task into a cherished social event. This deep connection to natural elements and community care provides a timeless model for holistic hair wellness, demonstrating that effective hair care has always been rooted in respect for nature and human connection.

The tools used in these practices were equally significant. Combs, often intricately carved from wood, bone, or ivory, were more than detangling instruments; they were works of art, sometimes carrying symbolic meanings. Archaeological findings, such as the discovery of 7,000-year-old combs in ancient Kush and Kemet (present-day Sudan and Egypt), illustrate the long history and cultural importance of these implements. (Africa Rebirth, 2022) These combs were designed to navigate the unique characteristics of textured hair, highlighting an adaptive and specialized approach to grooming.

Academic

The academic Delineation of Pre-Slavery Africa, particularly through the lens of textured hair heritage, necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, drawing from historical anthropology, ethnobotany, and the socio-cultural semiotics of adornment. This era, preceding the 15th century and the intensification of the transatlantic slave trade, represents a period of unhindered cultural evolution across a continent of unparalleled human diversity. The hair practices within these societies were not merely stylistic choices; they constituted a complex system of communication, spiritual engagement, and social stratification, reflecting deeply embedded cosmological views and communal structures. The academic meaning of Pre-Slavery Africa, in this context, is one of sovereign cultural self-determination, where hair served as a primary medium for expressing and preserving intricate societal codes and individual identities.

The Interpretation of pre-colonial African hair practices moves beyond a superficial appreciation of beauty to a rigorous examination of their functional, symbolic, and spiritual roles. Scholars recognize that hair, as an external and manipulable part of the body, was uniquely positioned to convey a wealth of information. This is particularly salient when considering the vast number of autonomous ancestral groups across the continent, where hair consistently served as an indicator of age, ethnicity, marital status, rank, religion, and wealth. (ResearchGate, n.d.) The deliberate cultivation of specific hairstyles and the rituals surrounding hair care were, in essence, acts of continuous cultural inscription, transmitting knowledge and identity across generations.

The Semiotics of Strands ❉ Hair as a Language of Power and Identity

In many pre-colonial African societies, hair acted as a potent visual lexicon, its configurations articulating nuanced messages about an individual’s life journey and societal standing. The intricate braiding patterns, the choice of adornments, and the very length and texture of the hair could signify a person’s readiness for marriage, their status as a community elder, their participation in a specific ceremony, or even their role in leadership. This sophisticated communication system meant that one could “read” a person’s life story and affiliations simply by observing their hair.

Consider the case of the Mongo women in the Belgian Congo (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) around the turn of the 20th century, whose elaborate braided hairstyles were used to encode memory about a person’s history, status, and occupation. (Wikimedia Commons, 2014) This historical example underscores the profound cognitive and cultural investment in hair as a repository of knowledge. The physical act of styling became a mnemonic device, a living archive of personal and collective narratives. Such practices demonstrate a level of social sophistication where even seemingly personal grooming rituals held immense public and symbolic weight.

Hair in pre-colonial Africa was a profound language, a visual narrative of life’s passages and societal standing.

The Explication of hair as a spiritual conduit is equally compelling. Across various African cosmologies, the head was often considered the most sacred part of the body, the seat of the soul and the point of connection to the divine. Hair, as an extension of the head, therefore possessed potent spiritual properties. This belief led to specific rituals surrounding hair cutting, washing, and adornment, often performed by designated community members who held spiritual authority.

For example, among the Yoruba, the head (ori) is revered as the dwelling place of a person’s destiny, and hair care rituals were intimately tied to maintaining a positive alignment with one’s spiritual path. (AMAKA Studio, 2023) This sacred connection meant that touching another person’s hair, or even possessing a strand of it, could have significant spiritual implications, often restricted to close relatives to prevent malevolent practices. (TikTok, 2025)

The preservation of these complex hair traditions, despite the brutal attempts at cultural erasure during the transatlantic slave trade, speaks volumes about their inherent value and resilience. Enslaved Africans, stripped of their material possessions and often forced to shave their heads as a means of dehumanization, clandestinely maintained aspects of their hair culture, transforming cornrows into maps for escape or hiding seeds within their braids for survival. (University of Toronto Mississauga, 2024) This remarkable act of resistance further highlights the deep-seated significance and adaptability of African hair heritage.

Botanical Sciences and Ancestral Care Systems

The depth of knowledge regarding natural ingredients and their application to textured hair in Pre-Slavery Africa was a sophisticated form of applied ethnobotany. Communities meticulously observed and categorized local flora, understanding the specific properties of plants for cleansing, conditioning, styling, and medicinal purposes. This practical science was not codified in written texts as in some other civilizations, but rather embodied in generational practices and oral traditions.

One particularly illustrative example is the extensive use of Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) across the Sahelian and Sudanian regions of West and Central Africa. Archaeological evidence from sites like Kirikongo in western Burkina Faso indicates that local residents have been processing shea nuts for their butter since at least A.D. 100, extending its known history by a millennium.

(OregonNews, 2016) This finding is crucial because it validates the antiquity and continuous importance of this resource, not just for food and medicine, but also explicitly for cosmetic purposes, including hair and skin care. (ResearchGate, 2021, CORE, n.d.) The sustained practice over nearly two millennia points to a profound empirical understanding of shea butter’s emollient, protective, and anti-inflammatory properties, which modern science now affirms.

A study in Northern Ghana, focusing on the ethnobotany of traditional plant cosmetics, found that shea butter was the most used plant by females for smoothening the skin and enhancing hair growth. (ResearchGate, 2024) While this study is contemporary, it reflects the enduring legacy of pre-colonial knowledge. The Specification of such long-standing usage patterns, supported by archaeological and ethnobotanical research, demonstrates that pre-slavery African societies were not merely “applying natural products” but engaged in a systematic, evidence-based approach to hair wellness, rooted in generations of observation and refinement.

Other ingredients like various plant oils (e.g. castor, moringa), clays, and plant extracts were used for their specific benefits:

1. Castor Oil ❉ Revered in ancient Egypt for centuries, it was used to nourish and strengthen hair, boosting scalp circulation for healthy growth. Its moisturizing properties made hair soft and shiny, a staple even in modern hair care. (YouTube, 2025)
2. Honey ❉ A natural humectant, drawing moisture from the air into the hair and locking it in. Its antibacterial and antifungal properties contributed to scalp health, soothing irritation and imparting a healthy glow. (YouTube, 2025)
3. Fenugreek Seeds ❉ Packed with proteins and nicotinic acid, these seeds were utilized to strengthen hair, reduce dandruff, and promote growth, reflecting an understanding of nutrient-rich botanicals for hair vitality. (YouTube, 2025)

The continuous refinement of these techniques and the intergenerational transmission of this specialized knowledge represent a form of indigenous scientific inquiry. The “hairologist” from Congo, Nsibentum, travels globally to share ancient African hair and skincare techniques, highlighting the rich heritage that was systematically developed and preserved through oral traditions. (BBC Africa, 2021) This oral archive, passed down through careful apprenticeship and communal practice, stands as a testament to a profound scientific legacy, often overlooked by conventional historical narratives.

Hair as a Political and Spiritual Nexus

The societal architecture of Pre-Slavery Africa often saw hair at the very core of political and spiritual authority. The elaborate coiffures of kings, queens, and spiritual leaders were not mere symbols of their position but were believed to enhance their connection to ancestral spirits and divine power, thus legitimizing their rule. The act of hairdressing itself could be a political ritual, signifying alliances, declarations of war, or periods of mourning.

In ancient Egypt, the elaborate wigs and headdresses worn by pharaohs and the elite signified royal status and divine power. The more ornate the hairstyle, the higher one’s social ranking. (Afriklens, 2024) Similarly, among the Kushites, elaborate hairstyles marked status and affiliation, with royalty, particularly women, often incorporating braids, locs, and various ornamental elements into their coiffures to symbolize authority and lineage. (Afriklens, 2024) These examples provide clear evidence of hair’s role in the intricate political structures of these societies.

Furthermore, the collective engagement in hair care fostered social cohesion. The long hours spent styling hair were opportunities for intergenerational dialogue, storytelling, and the reinforcement of communal values. This communal aspect of hair care, still present in many Black and mixed-race communities today, echoes the deep-seated social function of hair in pre-colonial times.

It speaks to a shared understanding of hair as a bond, a medium through which identity is affirmed and collective resilience is nurtured. The very act of grooming became a practice of mutual care, reinforcing the communal fabric that defined these societies.

The historical record, while fragmented by the ravages of colonialism and the slave trade, provides glimpses into this sophisticated past. Archaeological excavations continue to unearth artifacts such as ancient combs, hairpins, and adornments, providing tangible evidence of these rich traditions. The discovery of a 7,000-year-old Afro comb in Kush and Kemet, decorated with motifs reflecting reverence for nature, provides a profound connection to the earliest forms of textured hair care and cultural expression. (Africa Rebirth, 2022) These material remnants, alongside ethnographic accounts and oral histories, allow for a more comprehensive and respectful Comprehension of Pre-Slavery Africa’s enduring legacy in textured hair heritage.

Reflection on the Heritage of Pre-Slavery Africa

The exploration of Pre-Slavery Africa, viewed through the tender thread of textured hair heritage, reveals a narrative far richer and more complex than often presented. It is a profound meditation on self-definition, community, and the inherent wisdom of ancestral ways. The “Soul of a Strand” ethos, which guides Roothea’s living library, finds its deepest resonance in this epoch, where hair was not merely an appendage but a vibrant, living extension of identity, spirituality, and collective memory. The journey from elemental biology, through ancient practices, to the living traditions of care and community, culminating in hair’s role in voicing identity and shaping futures, truly defines the unbound helix of Black and mixed-race hair experiences.

This historical gaze compels us to recognize that the ancestral practices of hair care were not primitive attempts but sophisticated systems, deeply attuned to the unique characteristics of textured hair and the bounty of the natural world. The ingenuity displayed in crafting specialized tools, formulating botanical treatments, and designing intricate styles speaks to a profound respect for hair as a sacred aspect of self. This legacy is not confined to the past; it lives within the very genetic code of textured hair and in the enduring practices that continue to shape hair care routines across the diaspora.

The heritage of Pre-Slavery Africa offers a powerful affirmation of the inherent beauty and resilience of textured hair.

Understanding Pre-Slavery Africa provides a vital anchor, grounding contemporary textured hair journeys in a lineage of pride and self-acceptance. It reminds us that the beauty of Black and mixed-race hair is an ancient, honored beauty, born of innovation, cultural depth, and a spiritual connection to the earth and ancestors. It challenges narratives that diminish this heritage, instead inviting us to celebrate the profound wisdom embedded in every curl, coil, and strand. This understanding fosters a sense of belonging and continuity, empowering individuals to honor their unique hair stories as a continuation of a magnificent, unbroken ancestral narrative.

References

• Afriklens. (2024, November 1). African Hairstyles ❉ Cultural Significance and Legacy. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXF10DjkJQjyxh5etMjelEUhR9DFE932V5Aq1zLjFPG07vax9eb48oRDjohlr2MdBk96IaotlD_k_F-Yqc4EDA0_EtI06v_lUyXxUF2xDWi9OP0gc8hT8Mf3p71LvCJfoO83BsG96xj3jG66ycvvTwyzU8PmqMApQAVXr-Vy54QR9QF2-g==
• Africa Rebirth. (2022, April 18). The African Tales of The Historical 7000 Year Old Afro Comb. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHxcCEru4gzMSnwtCDd-jBiK8h5V8uhck-L0EfeCSZ3hWuGmkseKAqCXRDqGm5aQFu6u5hjRLfwFskxXs0y5Hnd16l9iZ1s1AJixbTXiGN7tNryOY3GLbH015J-Vg-_yGdRtSfku0QEAa9l1M5RoyD8Qs7FyCj7yMAkRoqjai3OU_MtlRU0HUsQVe96SFq9UA==
• AMAKA Studio. (2023, December 7). The History and Culture of African Natural Hair ❉ From Ancient Times to Modern Trends by Alice Oforiwa. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHmm1TVRXZ0wRtAMfWaKAWHjv9BIDwToaUv2Jt3i4KfYdtdPzbRsfeAzfTI_yfj_LJHmRvhYWZvI6vP481Icw1GOTJR6SJ-pKr6_9DeyGCUZup_rV7cM6NPIKMrfwI5ZxRPY_vz6_l8zyMw4ZL3NKiPCUJp3fXVKQHs34_wnTPgd8f6H_A7RpWLTHUHHUYRj3raE2y_kecg_YLaTT8-Rv7dRLOVMsxTNq4seBw787GOwdsv4JdajlaOaXww-ve93CA==
• BBC Africa. (2021, May 4). Ancient African hair care lessons from a ‘Hairologist’. YouTube. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXGdQxdNGeGnH523Cim9RYboecvntRe7By6btieyRmtbNnH4u_tVoqTypBuw_QofJVI-hmOHE55u9Wx14ytvvkUt6hu00ODiDO1_aA8LZyQcWKucYL5AIbkuJzFArd9GuEU=
• CORE. (n.d.). Medicinal and Nutritional Benefits from the Shea Tree- (Vitellaria Paradoxa). Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHJe44XjBHRnvzeVCSnvcxveHOtGJCzW3MImj8HdjbHTOB-Ooe6WEHe3vjNFnAqzyIHPKQcXEdKM36kbLf1tV8V4NHmAj3TR97yu36fo9jeJ-kpoEyJx0_g3c3nHKfJXt3cew==
• OregonNews. (2016, March 18). Researchers get lathered up over Shea butter’s history. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHu10RLTCw2ox2q6fm0lANWRT0WIxWpQNyNl7mEzpdQrw9gGoyFGokZokZmq5ElsbAnfgHR2l_tXnOVOZW-DP4rD3E8kVg943OLpQORXGpj52c_8HvLtD6oE1XDBzPiFviQfM44DHw2TUdIUvRSscNv2Ep8EDW8VVA3WV8xeFbtw3B1eSq4IDjP
• Pulse Nigeria. (2019, January 18). Pre-colonial Nigerian cultures ❉ Hairdressing as a work of art. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXECxLbKS2Ifck91B2aZUFgtz1NH5zRPEyolW0qy1yzfWEuYW4d-A4x6SuXuo-EvKTvivwSMHh065JcxBcTIqENInNsH4CWi6pdUFhjwjGJ2UKYy451XPM7a9HSGussW8Y3-Fydxd5vdugI1I4lID_m3XS9EjbwChSSmh5QYmTRnW6h9kWMQ==
• ResearchGate. (n.d.). Hair in African Art and Culture. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHuQA-WVGU6L2jNjThHqvCbnUsG6HZBY7h0vV9uBrtcmGpgICJqNthiZu0qYp8iiE1DOBf9A_VLQzv7kmWIyF7CbkbrAp_bENeY8XO07Dr3h21Q1BHoocjINb_HSFWdWCP8g81nn93u2v3UJO4kxcis04rPHr8IlaqJCEKgDQCLD7HRuDX257Y=
• ResearchGate. (2021, December). The Current State of Knowledge of Shea Butter Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertner.) for Nutritional Value and Tree Improvement in West and Central Africa. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXE_baW9onVKzx6UwytU05qvfmixFY1LQ5tQVWHIZAGz-W9iNzVNdJkha1qQp2L9qd4o1-_QQWWDPjbne2ZGsdJvRIkqMlotK2fkJEgk-hFSWLHf7IfHUqq4-gnG746cyVSD4BMdsR949MWGpMkb43G5hjDaIzf2ivzuNyrLKlv9Lf_-16YjVDtmEeSgAbvHYEmukh7LSA6-RUa1WB_Rl_ukmypETVzk8EupqgIdCDjiejm4vXTsw7CXc_wqcZxDUt_0XjTv_Exv1cF6G5f8VvwkIAJxVYE1KXWcoA9B7moGsYqEH4qE6xC1LsSzjjmLyT-u3jAVHNRipi5N205wKJsO
• ResearchGate. (2024, May 10). Ethnobotany of traditional plant cosmetics utilized by women; A study in Northern Ghana. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXE1QzcICEilCZ8I_Zfng8tgcJmUdhuR_p8FtoBMqtuQoZ1Oc_4LG2bLwWOlqwuDk9slbX0Vc1Jd2wasZi9pEEThLibYTaeQJ9inxqI_q4KWqkaU3d8GEpbChZRhyS2RfydsBBM0PzhoX4PmpR9UgDS_AmJUXlEH4NV-fcDXluTI2bCwC1fk4hfou5lr_ReuSpi2qUkqZur3TP5z1g_EMn49jDar1zfJBmIRle2exS3YazrXgBvx2hLLb2MpscZceQ==
• TikTok. (2025, May 19). African Hairstyle Before Colonization. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHlZdxKXPPCfYp1LgIfR7WvdOyyQY0c-pBeztDrVok74KJrZKMEugt6qulcJ0-UtAofx3Mn49IF4Q3hNN_x_IsF5DwaGKnH13RpZJzveTRhq1JVj81H4S4K4lKMemDFIY6wxYc1Uxrv5NizXpHt3BONqsfN2MUJoMYpzw==
• University of Toronto Mississauga. (2024, April 25). Blackwood Gallery exhibition highlights powerful history behind African hairstyle. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXFRKEH3rgjAyNWlQ9pTFC6wKMrghUD6o1hxidXa0z3fbM_XxyM9V47cxH0vfbxAWrvgl8Bz0Mf_hOW00DMGIB6bORDY30S48beWTMx9EIj7lYPOaXJfC0GHqT4YITGxOS8fhJ0QIzutyTLhx2yVvG1cNMp7JmOSHMP46sP_6101FCGd94P7McjpmpwkyouxYiVgCGjLATgEmg7vufw2nSsnYsaZ7JEjQi5RmpfM
• Wikimedia Commons. (2014, January 31). File:Elaborate hairstyling, Congo, ca. 1900-1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS11-13).jpg. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXHt-eccD3eTsnb-S3qFwQYArciAUXKr4_9F90X-hD04Hlpa1nqnOe6unMNk1LngMvepZu7Mjr5EqxcID7HhDdPApOZ9aoFuQ6h1TmF6oLuXOiNi1pLj3u0XiSGhzXWrsYKwWH1jKojNHMPHRf43wd7iKcK9EgWUPKdcNOzQrDyGzAG4SrwgRrTLMruM8vawdLdDn5GAf70TgbQtgVKX7MtRAMgy
• YouTube. (2019, January 1). The History Of African Hair Culture. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXE4YaTp1dG8scqnxxENaCB-0LjF5DHWDxNwGNKybCDb_6DBPloLbrgYvrgEFeHcAI3_FUyE4_o3r3q5HkmSCMzuZpjjhI–zaUHJiJ8u_GLR-yu10KbkS-8ARiLYwdzKOc=
• YouTube. (2025, May 23). I Tried a 4,000-Year-Old Egyptian Hair Mask—Here’s What Happened. Retrieved from https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AbF9wXFs2NsHLwz9ONt-1VSM0u-RILsibsLvKHzmWHBslM9iqrheogLjuTMLQviHRQLbHqEhkOZ1IpWyIsY_G-VHldXy2lNNr5F6hv82iMslhKlONzOPAT2Ispp_LBrCM0atpKc=