Colonialism

Fundamentals

Colonialism, at its core, refers to the historical act where one power establishes and maintains extensive control over an alien people, territory, and their resources. This control is often sustained over prolonged periods, creating a relationship where the subjugated land and its inhabitants become subordinate to the ruling entity. The fundamental decisions shaping the lives of the colonized population originate from the colonial rulers, frequently driven by interests centered in a distant metropolis. This process often involves the displacement of indigenous populations and the exploitation of their land, labor, and cultural expressions for the benefit of the colonizing power.

Within Roothea’s understanding, this political and economic domination extends far beyond mere governance; it deeply permeates the very fabric of identity, especially as it relates to textured hair heritage. The imposition of foreign ideals during colonial periods sought to erase the profound cultural significance woven into ancestral hair practices. This historical period marks a stark deviation from the organic ways communities connected with their hair, treating it as a sacred extension of self and community.

Early Impositions on Hair Identity

The advent of colonial rule frequently brought with it a systematic devaluation of indigenous beauty standards. Pre-colonial African societies, for instance, held hair in high regard, viewing it as a powerful symbol of identity, social standing, age, marital status, and spiritual connection. Hairstyles communicated intricate details about an individual’s lineage and community role.

Colonialism, for textured hair heritage, signifies a historical disruption of ancestral practices and the imposition of foreign beauty ideals.

When individuals were captured during the transatlantic slave trade, one of the first acts of dehumanization often involved forcibly shaving their heads. This act aimed to sever ties to their communities and strip them of a crucial marker of societal position and identity. The message conveyed was clear ❉ their natural hair, a symbol of heritage and pride, was deemed unruly, uncivilized, or even animalistic by the colonizers. This initial, brutal act laid the groundwork for centuries of systemic discrimination against textured hair, forcing many to internalize negative perceptions about their inherent beauty.

Intermediate

Moving beyond the initial shock of forced assimilation, the intermediate understanding of Colonialism’s impact on textured hair delves into the systemic mechanisms through which European beauty standards became entrenched, subtly and overtly, across colonized lands and within diasporic communities. This era saw the deliberate labeling of indigenous hair textures as “unprofessional” or “dirty,” fostering a deep-seated shame that compelled many to alter their natural hair.

The Devaluation of Ancestral Practices

Colonial authorities, often through missionary schools and administrative policies, actively discouraged or outright banned traditional African hairstyles. Children in mission schools, for example, were frequently compelled to shave their heads, a practice that, in some regions, continues to influence school policies today. This systematic suppression aimed to dismantle cultural pride and impose a uniform, Eurocentric aesthetic, asserting dominance not just over land, but over individual bodies and spirits.

• Shaving Rituals ❉ Colonialists often mandated head shaving for enslaved Africans, not only to prevent infestations during transport but also to strip them of their cultural connections.
• “Good Hair” Ideologies ❉ The colonial era introduced and reinforced the concept of “good hair,” equating looser curl patterns or straight hair with desirability and social acceptance, while tightly coiled textures were labeled “bad” or “nappy.” This hierarchy created internal divisions within communities.
• Prohibition of Traditional Styles ❉ Many indigenous hairstyles, rich with meaning and artistry, were proscribed in public spaces, schools, and workplaces, pushing people towards styles that mimicked European hair.

The cultural violence against Afro-textured hair profoundly shaped self-identity across generations in the African diaspora. An ethnographic investigation by Ingrid Banks (2000) highlights the considerable influence of hairstyle politics on the self-identity of Black American women, directly tracing these impacts to their heritage and the pervasive white beauty standards they faced. This academic observation underscores how deeply ingrained colonial beauty ideals became.

Colonialism’s influence on hair was a calculated act, replacing ancestral esteem with imposed shame and Eurocentric ideals.

The Emergence of New Hair Narratives

In response to these pressures, new hair narratives began to take shape. Some individuals sought to conform, using tools like hot combs and chemical relaxers to straighten their hair, a practice that became widespread as a means of seeking social acceptance and professional advancement. This pursuit of conformity often came at a cost, involving harsh chemicals and physical discomfort.

Yet, parallel to this, acts of subtle and overt resistance emerged. Hair became a silent but potent expression of identity and defiance. Enslaved Africans, for instance, ingeniously braided rice seeds into their hair during the transatlantic slave trade, a method of survival and a symbolic preservation of their homeland’s culture.

Cornrows, in particular, became a method of encoding messages, especially for those planning escape or resistance. These acts demonstrated an enduring connection to ancestral practices, even under extreme duress.

Academic

The academic examination of Colonialism, particularly through the lens of textured hair heritage, moves beyond a simple definition of political occupation to a nuanced exploration of its psychological, cultural, and economic ramifications. Colonialism, as articulated by scholars like Osterhammel (1997), signifies a relationship of domination where a foreign minority imposes its will upon an indigenous majority, with fundamental decisions driven by distant metropolitan interests and a conviction of inherent colonizer superiority, often rejecting cultural compromises. This framework helps us to grasp the systematic nature of the cultural violence inflicted upon textured hair.

The Doctrine of Hair Supremacy ❉ A Colonial Construct

The very concept of “beauty” itself became a weapon in the colonial arsenal, with Eurocentric standards positioned as the universal ideal. This constructed aesthetic hierarchy denigrated indigenous features, particularly Afro-textured hair, branding it as unruly, untamed, or animalistic. This was not an accidental byproduct of conquest; it was a deliberate ideological strategy to justify subjugation and establish a racialized social order. The idea that “white” or “Caucasian” features were inherently superior was a foundational element of early racial theories, propagated by figures like Christoph Meiners and Johann Blumenbach, who literally defined whiteness as the most beautiful race.

(Painter, 2019, p. 30) This historical precedent demonstrates how deeply embedded the devaluation of Black hair became within the colonial mindset.

This deeply ingrained bias contributed to what scholars term “hairism,” a form of discrimination based on hair texture that continues to affect Black and mixed-race individuals globally. The preference for hair that is long, straight, and silky as a standard, a direct inheritance from colonial beauty norms, compels many to pursue alterations that can be physically and psychologically damaging. The persistence of these standards in professional and educational settings, despite growing awareness, speaks to the enduring legacy of colonial thought.

Case Study ❉ The Tignon Laws of Louisiana and the Spirit of Defiance

A powerful illustration of Colonialism’s direct legislative assault on textured hair, and the enduring spirit of resistance, lies in the Tignon Laws enacted in Spanish colonial Louisiana. In 1786, Governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró issued a decree, the “bando de buen gobierno,” mandating that free women of color wear a tignon, a headscarf or handkerchief, over their hair in public. The intent was clear ❉ to distinguish these women from white women, to control their perceived extravagance, and to symbolically relegate them to a subordinate status associated with the enslaved population. Their elaborate hairstyles, often adorned with jewels and feathers, were seen as a challenge to the social order and a threat to the status of white women, attracting too much attention from white men.

This legislation, however, failed in its ultimate oppressive aim. The free women of color of Louisiana, with remarkable ingenuity and cultural pride, transformed the tignon from a badge of inferiority into a symbol of distinction and defiance. They donned luxurious fabrics, tied them in intricate, ornate knots, and continued to embellish them with jewels and ribbons.

What was intended as a mark of shame became an expression of their beauty, wealth, and creativity, a subtle yet powerful rebellion against colonial authority. This act of sartorial resistance highlights the resilience of cultural expression in the face of systemic oppression.

The Tignon Laws, intended to suppress, became a canvas for defiant beauty, a testament to the enduring spirit of Black women’s hair heritage.

Long-Term Consequences and Decolonization of Hair

The repercussions of Colonialism extend into contemporary experiences, manifesting as internalized shame, economic disparities within the beauty industry, and continued discrimination. A study conducted by Dove in the UK found that half of Black and mixed-race women with Afro-textured hair have faced discrimination because of their hair. Furthermore, research indicates that 37% of Black adults have experienced work-based discrimination due to their hair, and 25% have been sent home from work for wearing their hair naturally. These statistics are not isolated incidents; they represent the continuing legacy of colonial beauty standards that deemed natural Black hair as “unprofessional” or “unacceptable.”

The “Black is Beautiful” movement of the 1960s, and the more recent natural hair movement, represent powerful efforts to decolonize beauty standards and reclaim ancestral hair practices. These movements advocate for the acceptance and celebration of natural textures, challenging the long-standing imposition of Eurocentric ideals. They signify a return to the reverence for hair as a cultural and spiritual asset, a connection to ancestral wisdom that recognizes the unique needs and beauty of textured hair.

The movement to decolonize hair also involves supporting Black-owned haircare brands that formulate products specifically for textured hair, often drawing inspiration from traditional ingredients and knowledge. This economic aspect works to redistribute wealth and affirm the value of Afrocentric beauty within the market. Moreover, legislative efforts, such as the CROWN Act in the United States, aim to legally protect individuals from hair discrimination, providing a framework for challenging the systemic biases inherited from colonial ideologies. These actions represent a collective effort to reclaim and celebrate the diverse, vibrant heritage of textured hair.

Reflection on the Heritage of Colonialism

The echoes of Colonialism, though often subtle in contemporary times, continue to reverberate through the tender threads of textured hair heritage. It is a historical force that sought to silence the unbound helix of self-expression, to diminish the inherent majesty of coils and kinks, and to sever the deep connection between hair and ancestral identity. Yet, the enduring spirit of those who resisted, who braided their stories into their strands, and who found solace in communal grooming rituals, serves as a beacon. The resilience of textured hair, its very biology defying attempts at erasure, stands as a living testament to an unbroken lineage of wisdom and strength.

Understanding Colonialism within Roothea’s living library invites us to gaze upon the past not with despair, but with a knowing reverence for the strength that allowed traditions to persist, even in the shadows. It prompts us to honor the wisdom of those who utilized the bounty of the earth—shea butter, various botanical extracts—for nourishment and adornment, long before such practices gained modern validation. This recognition of ancestral knowledge, often passed down through whispers and touch, forms the bedrock of our present-day care practices.

The journey of decolonizing hair is a reclamation of ancestral narratives, a celebration of inherent beauty, and a powerful act of self-love.

The journey towards decolonizing our perception of textured hair is not merely about styling choices; it is a profound meditation on identity, belonging, and the healing of historical wounds. It is a conscious choice to reconnect with the elemental biology of our strands, recognizing their inherent beauty and capabilities. It calls upon us to listen to the whispers of our ancestors, to honor the vibrant traditions that were once suppressed, and to allow our hair to be a voice for our authentic selves. As we move forward, every conscious choice to celebrate natural texture, to seek out products that honor traditional ingredients, and to advocate for hair freedom, contributes to a future where the heritage of textured hair shines, unbound and glorious.

References

• Banks, I. (2000). Hair Matters ❉ Beauty, Power, and Black Women’s Consciousness. New York University Press.
• Byrd, A. D. & Tharps, L. (2001). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
• Gould, V. M. (1996). The Devil’s Lane ❉ Sex and Race in the Early South. Oxford University Press.
• Long, C. (2006). A New Orleans Voudou Priestess ❉ The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau. University Press of Florida.
• Osterhammel, J. (1997). Colonialism ❉ A Theoretical Overview. Markus Wiener Publishers.
• Painter, N. I. (2019). The History of White People. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Rosado, S. (2003). The Hair That Got Away ❉ A History of Black Women and Their Hair. Xlibris Corporation.
• Thompson, C. (2009). Black Women and Beauty ❉ Reconstructing Articulations of Black Female Bodies in the West. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
• Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409.