Fundamentals
The narrative surrounding Bixa Orellana Traditions unfurls with the warmth of ancient sun, reflecting a journey deeply intertwined with the heritage of textured hair across continents. At its simplest, Bixa Orellana, commonly known as annatto or achiote, refers to the vibrant shrub or small tree native to the tropical reaches of Central and South America. Its most prominent feature, the heart-shaped seed pods, bursts open to reveal small, reddish-orange seeds enveloped in a rich, waxy pulp.
This very pulp holds the ancestral secret ❉ a brilliant orange-red pigment, historically used for purposes as varied as culinary seasoning and spiritual adornment. For countless generations, this natural bounty has served as a touchstone for self-expression, well-being, and community bonds, especially within Black and mixed-race hair experiences.
The meaning of Bixa Orellana Traditions stretches beyond mere botanical classification. It represents a living legacy, a continuity of practices that honor the earth’s offerings and the intrinsic connection between humans and the natural world. This ancestral understanding speaks to the deep-seated wisdom that identified certain plants not just for their utility, but for their ability to contribute to holistic well-being, a concept often lost in fragmented modern interpretations.
The use of Bixa Orellana, or urucum as it is known in many parts of Brazil, has been passed down through oral traditions, carefully preserved recipes, and shared communal rituals. It is a practice sustained by the hands and hearts of those who understood hair not as a mere appendage, but as a sacred extension of identity and lineage.
This plant, affectionately dubbed the “lipstick tree” due to its historical use as body paint and lip color, holds significance far beyond aesthetics. Its employment in hair care, from tinting strands to providing a gentle shield, points to an early understanding of hair’s needs for protection and enhancement. Indigenous communities, such as the Tsáchila tribe of Ecuador, have long utilized its pigment for vibrant hair dyeing, a tradition that endures through centuries.
This particular usage is not just about changing hue; it carries connotations of spiritual protection and cultural identification. The vibrant red or orange imparted by the seeds became a visual language, speaking volumes about status, protection, and belonging within these ancestral societies.
Bixa Orellana Traditions embody the enduring wisdom of ancestral communities, transforming a botanical offering into a cornerstone of cultural identity and holistic hair care.
Exploring the historical contexts surrounding Bixa Orellana means delving into the very foundations of traditional care. Imagine the meticulous process ❉ seeds painstakingly collected from the ripened pods, then perhaps crushed and mixed with a carrier oil, such as palm oil, to create a smooth, rich paste. This paste would then be gently applied to strands, infusing them with color and offering properties that modern science is now beginning to appreciate.
This was a communal act, often performed amidst stories and songs, reinforcing social ties and transmitting knowledge from elder to youth. The tactile nature of these traditions, the earthy scent of the plant, the shared laughter, all contributed to a profound experience that nourished both hair and spirit.
The initial understanding of Bixa Orellana as a source of color gradually expanded to recognize its subtle benefits for the hair itself. Ancestral practitioners observed that beyond its dyeing capabilities, the plant’s preparations seemed to impart a softness, a sheen, or even a protective quality to the hair. This observational science, honed over generations, formed the bedrock of its traditional application in hair care. It was the knowledge accumulated through countless repetitions, through intuitive understanding of natural rhythms, that shaped these early practices.
Cultural Roots in Early Hair Care
The earliest echoes of Bixa Orellana Traditions resound in the Amazon basin, where indigenous peoples discovered the remarkable properties of the annatto seeds. These communities, living in intimate communion with the forest, understood plants not as isolated entities but as interconnected elements of a vast living system. They recognized the seed’s capacity for vibrant pigmentation, initially employing it for body art, ritualistic markings, and protection against the sun and insects. Soon enough, this understanding extended to hair.
For instance, the Tsáchila people of Ecuador are celebrated for their distinctive reddish-orange hair, a practice deeply rooted in their heritage with Bixa Orellana. Men of the Tsáchila tribe traditionally dye their hair with annatto paste, a visual marker of their identity and a continuation of centuries-old customs. This historical example speaks volumes about the intertwined nature of beauty, ritual, and survival in these communities.
The significance extended beyond mere aesthetics; it was a visible statement of who they were, where they came from, and their connection to their ancestral lands. The pigment was not just a dye; it was a symbol, a shield, a connection to the very earth beneath their feet.
- Adornment ❉ Early uses of Bixa Orellana for hair often involved cosmetic applications, such as temporary color or as a base for styling, serving to enhance appearance for ceremonies or daily life.
- Protection ❉ The pigment’s natural properties provided a shield against environmental elements, offering a form of sun protection and possibly repelling insects, crucial for outdoor living.
- Ritual ❉ In many indigenous societies, the application of Bixa Orellana was part of spiritual or communal rites, signifying coming-of-age, status, or preparation for significant events.
- Medicine ❉ Beyond hair, the plant found broader use in traditional medicine, treating skin conditions and fevers, reflecting a holistic view of well-being where external applications complemented internal health.
The Gift from the Earth ❉ Elemental Properties
The elemental biology of Bixa Orellana is simple yet profound. The vibrant color comes primarily from carotenoids, particularly Bixin and Norbixin, found in the waxy aril surrounding the seeds. These compounds are celebrated not only for their striking hue but also for their antioxidant properties, suggesting a natural capacity to safeguard cells from environmental aggressors. Even at a fundamental level, without modern scientific instruments, ancestral communities recognized that this plant offered something beyond mere visual appeal for hair.
The seeds contain various other beneficial compounds, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, forms of vitamin E, which are known for their nourishing and protective qualities. This blend of natural compounds meant that traditional preparations involving Bixa Orellana were inherently multi-functional. They were not just dyes; they were conditioning treatments, sun protectants, and perhaps even gentle scalp tonics, all in one.
This inherent synergy of nature’s design was understood through generations of observation and application, forming the true meaning of Bixa Orellana Traditions in its foundational sense. The simple act of applying a paste of these seeds to hair was, in essence, a complex interaction with a botanical powerhouse.
| Community/Region Indigenous Amazonian Tribes (General) |
| Traditional Hair Application Body and hair paint for ceremonial purposes and protection. |
| Significance to Hair Heritage Symbol of identity, spiritual protection, and connection to nature. |
| Community/Region Tsáchila People (Ecuador) |
| Traditional Hair Application Men dye their hair bright reddish-orange for cultural identity. |
| Significance to Hair Heritage Enduring visual marker of tribal affiliation and ancestral practice. |
| Community/Region Caribbean Indigenous Groups |
| Traditional Hair Application Application of oil and annatto mixtures to hair and body. |
| Significance to Hair Heritage Aesthetic, protective, and potentially spiritual adornment. |
| Community/Region Afro-Brazilian Communities (Historical) |
| Traditional Hair Application Used in certain traditional preparations for hair color and condition. |
| Significance to Hair Heritage Adaptation of indigenous knowledge within diasporic beauty rituals. |
| Community/Region These applications illustrate a shared historical understanding of Bixa Orellana as both a beautifying and protective agent for hair, especially within cultures with deep connections to the plant. |
Intermediate
Moving beyond the foundational understanding, the intermediate exploration of Bixa Orellana Traditions reveals a richer, more intricate layer of its historical trajectory and living meaning. Here, we observe how the plant’s interaction with human societies, particularly those of Black and mixed-race heritage, shaped its ongoing significance in hair care. The exchange of knowledge, the blending of traditions, and the resilience of practices carried across oceans all speak to the profound legacy embedded within Bixa Orellana’s use. It is a story of adaptation and enduring cultural memory, where ancestral wisdom finds new expressions and applications in diverse settings.
The journey of Bixa Orellana, from its indigenous roots in the Americas, extended far and wide. Through historical trade routes and the transatlantic movement of people, this vibrant botanical offering began to touch distant shores, finding new homes and new interpretations. In the Caribbean and parts of Africa, where it was introduced centuries ago, Bixa Orellana became interwoven with existing and evolving hair traditions.
The capacity of the annatto seed to impart color and its observed conditioning properties resonated with ancestral practices that already honored natural ingredients for beauty and well-being. This cultural exchange transformed the plant’s utility, creating a truly global dialogue of natural care.
The historical application of Bixa Orellana in hair care is not a monolithic narrative. It diversified as it encountered various communities, each contributing its unique understanding and methodologies. In some instances, the seeds were crushed into a powder and mixed with water or plant oils to form a dye.
In others, particularly within African diasporic communities, its extract may have been combined with nourishing butters like shea or cocoa, or infused into base oils to create protective hair balms and scalp treatments. The intention was often dual ❉ to impart a subtle, reddish tint, and to provide a natural layer of protection, perhaps from sun exposure or environmental stressors.
Bixa Orellana’s journey across cultures underscores the adaptability of ancestral plant wisdom, continually finding new expression within diverse hair care traditions.
The Tender Thread ❉ Living Traditions of Care
The tender thread of Bixa Orellana Traditions is most evident in its integration into the daily and ceremonial rhythms of Black and mixed-race communities. Hair, in these cultures, has always been more than mere fiber; it is a canvas for identity, a connection to lineage, and a symbol of resilience. The preparation and application of Bixa Orellana for hair became a ritualized act, fostering communal bonds and passing down intergenerational knowledge.
Grandmothers would teach granddaughters how to prepare the seeds, sharing not only the technique but also the stories and songs that accompanied the process. This communal aspect of care speaks volumes about the cultural significance of hair within these traditions.
Consider the practices within certain Afro-Brazilian spiritual traditions, where plants hold immense sacred value. Urucum, or Bixa Orellana, might be incorporated into preparations used for ritual purification or adornment for devotees, particularly for those with textured hair. The application of these sacred ingredients prepares the body and spirit for connection to ancestral realms, demonstrating how practical hair care became inseparable from spiritual identity. The pigment symbolizes vitality, blood, and connection to the earth, making its use on hair a profound statement.
These traditions emphasize patience, mindful attention, and respect for the ingredient. The act of preparing the plant, infusing its color and beneficial properties into a carrier, required an understanding of its natural rhythms and a connection to its essence. This patient interaction with nature, so typical of ancestral care practices, offers a stark contrast to the quick, often detached, applications of modern cosmetic routines. The effectiveness of these traditional methods lay not only in the compounds themselves but in the holistic approach to their use.
Community and Continuity ❉ Shared Hair Experiences
The collective experience surrounding Bixa Orellana Traditions highlights its role in strengthening community ties. Shared hair grooming sessions, where annatto-infused preparations were applied, became informal schools of knowledge transfer. Here, techniques for detangling, braiding, and styling textured hair were taught alongside the wisdom of natural remedies.
This communal aspect fostered a sense of belonging and reinforced cultural identity through shared practices. Children learned by observing and participating, ensuring the continuity of these vital traditions.
In some historical accounts, particularly within the Caribbean, a mixture of oil and annatto was applied to the entire body, including hair, as a daily practice. This illustrates a holistic approach to personal care, where hair was not isolated but seen as part of the complete self, deserving of the same natural nourishment and protection. Such practices underscore the interconnectedness of beauty, health, and cultural expression within these societies. The continuous application of these natural elements ensured constant interaction with the plant’s beneficial properties.
The resilience of Bixa Orellana Traditions becomes particularly apparent when considering the challenges faced by Black and mixed-race communities throughout history. Despite displacement, forced assimilation, and the imposition of foreign beauty standards, these ancestral practices persisted. They became quiet acts of resistance, preserving cultural heritage and a connection to self at a time when identity was often under assault. The humble annatto seed, therefore, holds a symbolic power, representing the enduring spirit of communities who refused to relinquish their heritage.
- Preparation of Infused Oils ❉ Seeds are traditionally sun-dried or gently heated in carrier oils like coconut or palm oil to extract the pigment and fat-soluble compounds, creating a conditioning tint for hair.
- Creation of Hair Pastes ❉ Ground seeds might be combined with water, clay, or other plant extracts to form a thicker paste, used for more intense color application or as a hair mask.
- Incorporation into Hair Balms ❉ Annatto extracts were sometimes blended with natural butters or waxes, crafting protective balms that conditioned and added a subtle sheen to textured hair.
- Ceremonial Hair Adornment ❉ Beyond daily use, Bixa Orellana preparations found their place in rites of passage and celebrations, where hair was symbolically prepared for significant life events.
Academic
The academic definition and meaning of Bixa Orellana Traditions encompass a rigorous investigation into its ethno-botanical origins, its intricate biochemical profile, and its profound socio-cultural role as a sustained expression of identity and holistic care, particularly within the textured hair heritage of Black and mixed-race communities. This interpretation moves beyond anecdotal evidence, grounding the plant’s historical uses in scientific understanding while retaining a reverent appreciation for ancestral knowledge. Bixa Orellana Traditions signify the cumulative wisdom accrued over millennia, where empirical observation of natural phenomena merged with spiritual and communal practices, resulting in a unique system of care that resonates with contemporary scientific findings. It is a testament to the sophistication of indigenous and diasporic ethnobotanical systems.
The Bixa Orellana plant (Annatto), scientifically categorized within the Bixaceae family, is recognized for the rich carotenoid pigments, predominantly Bixin and Norbixin, located within its seed arils. These fat-soluble compounds are responsible for the characteristic orange-red hue and contribute significantly to its antioxidant capacity. From an academic perspective, the application of these seed extracts in hair care traditions, often in oil-based preparations, points to a historical understanding of their emollient and protective properties.
The ancestral practice of applying these extracts effectively delivered these phytoconstituents to the hair shaft and scalp, demonstrating an intuitive grasp of natural cosmetic chemistry. The meaning, in this context, is one of an ancient, yet highly effective, natural technology.
Phytochemical Efficacy and Ancestral Insight
The scientific elucidation of Bixa Orellana’s composition provides a compelling affirmation of ancestral practices. Beyond the dominant carotenoids, the seeds also contain notable amounts of tocopherols and tocotrienols, members of the Vitamin E family, revered for their antioxidant and restorative qualities. This biochemical richness suggests that traditional preparations, when massaged into the scalp and applied to hair, were not merely coloring agents but also protective balms, offering a shield against oxidative stress and environmental damage.
The historical understanding of the plant’s properties, often expressed through metaphor and spiritual association, correlates remarkably with modern pharmacological investigations into its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This underscores a deep continuity between ancient wisdom and contemporary discovery, revealing that what was once perceived as folk medicine now finds validation in laboratory settings.
Indeed, studies highlight the potential of Bixa Orellana in hair care products due to its beta-carotene content, which is thought to slow aging processes and offer natural sun protection. The oil extracted from annatto seeds is particularly suitable for damaged, dry, and weakened hair, providing moisturizing substances that contribute to optimal care for both hair and scalp. This suggests that the enduring traditional uses for hair well-being were predicated upon tangible, bio-active mechanisms, even if the precise scientific terminology was absent from ancestral lexicons.
Academic inquiry into Bixa Orellana Traditions reveals how ancestral wisdom, rooted in empirical observation, remarkably aligns with contemporary phytochemical understanding of its hair-benefiting properties.
A Case Study in Continuity ❉ The Tsáchila People and Hair Identity
To truly appreciate the deep, original exploration of Bixa Orellana Traditions, one can examine the enduring practice of the Tsáchila (or Colorado) people of Ecuador. For centuries, this indigenous community has used the reddish pulp from the annatto seeds, known locally as “achiote,” to dye their hair a distinctive bright orange-red. This specific historical example powerfully illuminates the tradition’s connection to textured hair heritage and ancestral practices.
The men of the Tsáchila tribe shave their heads, leaving a small cap of hair at the crown, which is then meticulously painted with the achiote paste. This practice, often applied daily, is not merely a cosmetic choice; it is a profound cultural statement, a visual marker of their identity, and a direct link to their ancestors.
The use of achiote in Tsáchila hair traditions extends beyond aesthetics to encompass medicinal and spiritual dimensions. Anthropological accounts document that the pigment offers protection against insects and the harsh equatorial sun, providing a practical function alongside its symbolic meaning (Jansen, 2005; Taylor, 2005). Furthermore, it is believed that the red dye offers spiritual protection, guarding against malevolent spirits, particularly during shamanic rituals and communal gatherings. This interwoven practical, spiritual, and identity-affirming application of Bixa Orellana on textured hair demonstrates a holistic understanding of well-being that is characteristic of ancestral traditions.
The unbroken lineage of this practice, despite external pressures, speaks to the immense cultural value placed upon Bixa Orellana within their hair heritage. Such cultural continuity is not simply a passive inheritance; it is an active, living embodiment of resilience.
The Tsáchila tradition highlights a crucial aspect of Bixa Orellana Traditions ❉ the active preservation of ethno-botanical knowledge. In a world increasingly influenced by globalized beauty standards, the continued adherence to such practices represents a powerful act of self-determination and cultural affirmation. This community’s meticulous process of preparing the achiote, often involving careful grinding and mixing with oils, has been passed down through generations, ensuring the integrity of the tradition (Vilar et al.
2014). This continuity of technique and meaning provides a robust case study for the academic understanding of how ancestral practices sustain cultural identity through tangible interactions with the natural world.
Interconnected Incidences ❉ The Broader Diasporic Tapestry
Beyond specific indigenous groups, the interconnected incidence of Bixa Orellana’s use in various Afro-diasporic contexts provides a compelling academic lens. As the plant traveled with enslaved peoples from the Americas to other tropical regions, its application for hair care adapted and persisted, even under oppressive conditions. For instance, in Brazilian Quilombola communities—settlements formed by descendants of runaway enslaved people—ethnobotanical surveys indicate the continued use of Bixa Orellana (Urucum) for various purposes, including traditional medicine for women’s health, and by extension, its implicit connection to holistic well-being that often encompasses hair and scalp health. While direct statistical data on its specific hair application in these communities can be elusive due to the oral nature of knowledge transmission, the presence of Urucum as a known medicinal and cosmetic plant within these historically marginalized groups underscores its resilience as a cultural signifier.
The preservation of such plant knowledge within Quilombos highlights a critical, often unquantified, aspect of hair heritage ❉ the deliberate retention of ancestral remedies as acts of resistance and cultural survival (Barboza da Silva et al. 2012). This represents a direct challenge to the historical erasure of Black traditional practices, demonstrating how Bixa Orellana became a quiet yet potent symbol of enduring self-care.
The academic examination of Bixa Orellana Traditions reveals its layered meaning ❉ a botanical resource, a cultural artifact, and a subject of scientific validation. The plant’s rich profile of carotenoids, particularly Bixin and Norbixin, along with other bioactive compounds like tocopherols and tocotrienols, lends credence to its traditional uses beyond mere cosmetic appeal. These compounds provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially UV-protective qualities, making traditional preparations for hair inherently beneficial beyond their coloring capabilities.
The very act of infusing oils with annatto seeds, a common historical practice, extracts these lipophilic compounds, making them bioavailable for application to hair and scalp. This deep understanding bridges the chasm between ancestral intuition and contemporary scientific models, underscoring the intellectual rigor inherent in long-standing traditional practices.
Moreover, the academic inquiry into Bixa Orellana Traditions includes an appreciation for the subtle yet profound role it played in shaping aesthetic preferences and cultural self-perception within communities of color. The vibrant hues it imparts, from warm reds to subtle oranges, resonated with pre-existing cultural values that often celebrated bold coloration and expressive adornment. This historical context informs the contemporary understanding of how natural pigments contributed to beauty standards and how the plant’s application became intertwined with concepts of health, beauty, and identity that continue to reverberate today. The continued interest in natural hair dyes, a return to ancestral methods, exemplifies this enduring legacy.
| Key Phytoconstituent Bixin/Norbixin (Carotenoids) |
| Chemical Properties Fat-soluble pigments, strong antioxidants. |
| Hair & Scalp Benefit (Traditional/Scientific) Natural tinting (red/orange), UV protection, antioxidant defense for hair and scalp. |
| Key Phytoconstituent Tocotrienols/Tocopherols (Vitamin E) |
| Chemical Properties Lipid-soluble antioxidants, forms of Vitamin E. |
| Hair & Scalp Benefit (Traditional/Scientific) Nourishment for scalp, anti-aging properties for hair, improved hair health and regeneration. |
| Key Phytoconstituent Fatty Acids |
| Chemical Properties Present in the seed oil, provide emollient properties. |
| Hair & Scalp Benefit (Traditional/Scientific) Moisturization, conditioning, and improved hair texture, particularly for dry or damaged strands. |
| Key Phytoconstituent The rich biochemical composition of Bixa Orellana validates its traditional uses, offering a natural spectrum of benefits that support hair vitality and resilience. |
Reflection on the Heritage of Bixa Orellana Traditions
The journey through the Bixa Orellana Traditions is truly a contemplative voyage, a reflection on the enduring heritage and evolving significance of a humble botanical gift within the rich tapestry of textured hair and its communities. From the ancient forest floor where it first offered its vibrant pigment, to the hands of those who carried its knowledge across oceans, Bixa Orellana has remained a silent, steady witness to human resilience and creativity. Its story is not confined to history books or scientific papers; it lives in the memory of a touch, the scent of a preparation, the shared laughter over a styling session. The very meaning of these traditions is deeply intertwined with the “Soul of a Strand” ethos ❉ each hair fiber holds a story, a connection to an unbroken lineage, a testament to ancestral ingenuity.
As we reflect upon this legacy, we come to comprehend that the power of Bixa Orellana Traditions extends beyond its physical benefits for hair. It speaks to a deeper truth about self-acceptance and self-love, particularly within Black and mixed-race communities, where hair has historically been a site of both cultural celebration and societal scrutiny. The act of returning to natural ingredients and ancestral methods, like those surrounding Bixa Orellana, becomes a conscious choice to honor one’s heritage, to reclaim a connection to a profound past.
It is a quiet revolution, a gentle affirmation of beauty standards that are rooted in authenticity and cultural pride. This is a journey that transcends fleeting trends, offering instead a grounding in timeless wisdom.
The threads of Bixa Orellana Traditions, woven through time, remind us that the most potent forms of care often arise from an intimate understanding of nature and its rhythms. They call us to listen to the whispers of our ancestors, who understood that true wellness is holistic, encompassing body, spirit, and community. In a world that often seeks quick fixes and superficial solutions, the deliberate, patient approach embodied by these traditions offers a powerful counter-narrative.
It invites us to slow down, to connect, and to allow the natural world to nourish us in ways that are both profound and deeply personal. The continuous re-discovery of these practices underscores a collective longing for authenticity and a return to practices that genuinely serve our well-being.
Bixa Orellana Traditions are not merely historical footnotes; they are living testaments to cultural resilience, ancestral ingenuity, and the profound, enduring connection between textured hair and identity.
The contemporary significance of Bixa Orellana Traditions lies in its capacity to bridge divides, to offer a pathway for modern care that respects ancient wisdom. It provides a blueprint for sustainable beauty, demonstrating how we can harness nature’s gifts responsibly, ensuring their availability for future generations. For textured hair, in particular, these traditions offer gentle alternatives to harsh chemicals, aligning with a growing movement towards natural and mindful hair care.
The spirit of Bixa Orellana, therefore, continues to serve as a guidepost, illuminating a path where beauty is inseparable from heritage, where every strand tells a story of survival, creativity, and love. This enduring legacy serves as a reminder that the deepest roots yield the most vibrant expressions.
References
- Vilar, D. A. Vilar, M. S. de Lima e Moura, T. F. Raffin, F. N. de Oliveira, M. R. Franco, C. F. & Barbosa-Filho, J. M. (2014). Traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of Bixa orellana L. ❉ A review. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 857292.
- Jansen, P. C. M. (2005). Bixa orellana L. In ❉ Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3 ❉ Dyes and Tannins. PROTA Foundation/Backhuys Publishers/CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
- Taylor, L. (2005). The healing power of rainforest herbs ❉ A guide to understanding and using herbal medicines from the Amazon. Square One Publishers.
- Ravindran, P. N. Nirmal Babu, K. & Senthil Kumar, C. (Eds.). (2012). Botany and utilization of medicinal plants. Daya Publishing House.
- Orwa, C. Mutua, A. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, R. & Anthony, S. (2009). Agroforestree Database ❉ a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre.
- Duke, J. A. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC press.
- Castello, D. Pescuto, C. & Russo, P. (2002). Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil of Bixa orellana L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(3), 205-207.
- Roth, W. E. (1924). An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 89.
- Barboza da Silva, F. C. Gadelha, M. Dantas, B. A. & de Carvalho, M. A. (2012). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Quilombola communities of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 22(6), 1335-1345.
- Ming, L. C. (2001). Plants in Brazilian popular culture. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 1, 1-14.
- Almeida, S. P. (2011). Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais em comunidades quilombolas do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 13(4), 488-495.
- Chiste, R. C. Freitas, M. L. & Fernandes, K. P. (2011). Annatto ❉ A review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities. Fitoterapia, 82(2), 260-267.
- Thompson, J. E. S. (1979). Maya history and religion. University of Oklahoma Press.
- Fonnegra, R. & Jiménez, S. (2007). Plantas medicinales aprobadas en Colombia. Medellín ❉ Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
- Costales, P. Costales, A. & Costales, P. (1996). La cultura indígena en el Ecuador ❉ Un estudio bibliográfico. Abya-Yala.