Fundamentals
The essence of African Diaspora Hairstyles stretches far beyond mere aesthetic arrangement of strands; it represents a profound understanding of a rich, living heritage. At its heart, this concept defines the myriad ways in which people of African descent, dispersed across the globe, have continued to sculpt, adorn, and care for their hair. This tradition links them inextricably to ancestral practices and the unique biological realities of textured hair. It’s an interpretation of beauty, a statement of identity, and a profound connection to collective memory.
Across generations and continents, African Diaspora Hairstyles have served as enduring vessels of cultural continuity. They are not static artifacts of the past; instead, they are dynamic expressions, constantly adapting yet always retaining a core sense of their historical genesis. This encompasses a spectrum of styles, from meticulously braided patterns and intricate twists to the regal fullness of unbound Afros and the symbolic spirals of locs.
Each variation, whether simple or complex, carries a story, a whisper of the hands that first fashioned such designs on the African continent. The meaning conveyed through these hairstyles is deep, often speaking volumes without a single word.
What Hair Means ❉ Beyond the Strand
For communities within the African diaspora, hair has always possessed a significance far exceeding its biological function. It stands as a powerful medium for communication, a visible marker of belonging, and a testament to resilience. In countless African societies before the transatlantic enslavement, one’s hairstyle could instantly reveal a wealth of information about an individual’s life and community.
African Diaspora Hairstyles are living archives of identity, ancestry, and communal narratives, expressed through the meticulous sculpting of textured hair.
Consider the intricate patterns woven into hair in various West African cultures. These were not simply decorative; they conveyed a person’s age, their marital standing, their social rank, or even their spiritual alignment. A specific braid could signify readiness for courtship, while another might denote widowhood. Such customs illustrate a sophisticated system of visual language, where hair served as a living tapestry of social cues.
The care and attention devoted to hair were also communal activities, fostering bonds and passing down intergenerational knowledge. These practices laid a foundation for the deep relationship with hair that would endure despite the immense challenges of the diaspora.
Ancient Roots of Care
The heritage of African Diaspora Hairstyles is firmly rooted in ancient care practices that honored the inherent qualities of textured hair. Long before modern science began to unravel the complexities of coiled strands, African communities possessed profound empirical knowledge concerning hair health and maintenance. Their understanding was intimately tied to the environment, utilizing natural ingredients and thoughtful techniques to preserve vitality.
- Butters and Oils ❉ Natural shea butter, palm oil, and various plant-based oils were commonly employed to provide moisture and protection to hair, sealing the hair shaft and promoting softness. This practice addresses the natural tendency of highly coiled hair to lose moisture more readily than straighter hair types.
- Herbal Infusions ❉ Different herbs and plant extracts were used for their cleansing, strengthening, and medicinal properties, contributing to scalp health and hair growth. Knowledge of these botanicals was passed down through generations, often specific to regional flora.
- Gentle Handling ❉ The processes of washing, detangling, and styling were often slow, deliberate rituals, reflecting a deep respect for the hair itself. This meticulous approach minimized breakage, acknowledging the fragile nature of tightly coiled hair when improperly handled.
- Communal Grooming ❉ Hair care was a social activity, performed in communal settings, strengthening familial and community ties while also ensuring the continuous transmission of techniques and wisdom.
These ancestral practices established a legacy of conscientious hair care that has resonated through time, providing the foundational wisdom that informs many contemporary natural hair care routines across the diaspora.
Intermediate
Moving beyond the foundational appreciation, the African Diaspora Hairstyles represent a living testament to human adaptability, creativity, and persistent identity. This understanding delves into how hair, a biological attribute, transformed into a powerful cultural and political symbol across centuries of displacement and struggle. It is a journey from the intimate personal realm to the public sphere, where every curl, coil, and braid became a statement of selfhood and collective spirit.
The meaning of African Diaspora Hairstyles is not merely defined by their appearance; it encapsulates the socio-historical currents that shaped the lives of Black and mixed-race people globally. These styles bear the imprint of resistance against dehumanization and a profound connection to ancestral knowledge, even when direct ties were forcibly severed. The ongoing evolution of these hairstyles signifies an unbreakable bond with heritage, a continuous conversation between past and present.
The Echoes of Ancestry
The transatlantic enslavement fractured countless lives, but it could not extinguish the deep-seated cultural significance of hair. Upon arrival in the Americas, enslaved Africans were often stripped of their names, languages, and traditional attire, but their hair, with its inherent texture and history, remained a tangible link to their origins. This biological marker, however, was immediately subjected to processes of dehumanization.
Enslavers frequently shaved the heads of captured Africans upon their arrival, an act intended to sever their cultural identity, erase tribal affiliations, and psychologically break their spirits. This brutal practice, beyond its purported hygienic benefits, served as a symbolic erasure of individual and communal heritage.
Despite brutal attempts at cultural erasure, African Diaspora Hairstyles persisted as silent yet powerful emblems of memory and defiant selfhood.
Despite these systemic efforts to diminish their personhood, enslaved Africans adapted and reinvented hair practices as acts of quiet rebellion and survival. Simple cornrows, for instance, became concealed maps guiding escape routes, with rice grains sometimes braided into the hair for sustenance in flight. These acts of ingenuity transformed hair into a tool of strategic resistance, underscoring its enduring role as a carrier of secret knowledge and a beacon of hope.
The communal practice of hair braiding, often done in hushed gatherings, allowed for shared solace, the exchange of information, and the preservation of cultural techniques under oppressive conditions. This underground preservation ensured that the techniques and the profound meaning associated with hair persisted, subtly re-emerging across generations.
Hair as a Chronicle of Resilience
The journey of African Diaspora Hairstyles through history is a chronicle of profound resilience, mirroring the enduring spirit of Black communities worldwide. As the centuries unfolded, the societal perceptions of Black hair in diaspora societies were largely shaped by Eurocentric beauty standards. The natural texture of African hair was often devalued, deemed “unruly” or “unprofessional,” leading to widespread pressure to conform to straightened styles. This pressure was not merely aesthetic; it was tied to social and economic opportunities.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of Black hair care entrepreneurs, like Madam C.J. Walker, who innovated products and methods to address the specific needs of textured hair, often facilitating straightening for those seeking social mobility. These innovations, while sometimes perceived as conforming to dominant ideals, also represented Black ingenuity and self-sufficiency in creating an industry for a marginalized community.
A significant turning point arrived with the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and 1970s. During this era, the Afro became a prominent symbol of racial pride, political defiance, and a conscious rejection of oppressive beauty norms. This stylistic choice was a visible declaration, asserting “Black is beautiful” and reclaiming the natural state of hair as a powerful expression of identity.
It was a collective re-alignment with African roots and a re-centering of Black self-definition. The movement sparked a shift, encouraging many people of African descent to transition from chemically straightened hair to their natural textures, though attitudes continued to be mixed.
The table below illustrates the evolving significance of some prominent African Diaspora Hairstyles across different historical periods ❉
| Hairstyle Type Braids/Cornrows |
| Pre-Colonial Africa Indicated social status, age, marital status, tribal identity; communal activity. |
| Enslavement Era (Americas) Concealed maps for escape; communal survival, quiet resistance, hiding identity. |
| Civil Rights/Black Power Era Reclaimed as a symbol of cultural pride and connection to African roots, often seen as natural. |
| Contemporary Relevance Symbol of heritage, versatility, protective styling, fashion statement, and cultural affirmation. |
| Hairstyle Type Afro |
| Pre-Colonial Africa Natural, unprocessed hair, cared for with traditional oils and butters, often styled into specific shapes. |
| Enslavement Era (Americas) Often hidden or "tamed" due to oppression; use of rudimentary straightening agents. |
| Civil Rights/Black Power Era Powerful symbol of Black pride, defiance, and self-acceptance, rejecting Eurocentric beauty standards. |
| Contemporary Relevance Statement of natural beauty, cultural identity, and political awareness, often seen as a conscious choice. |
| Hairstyle Type Locs (Dreadlocks) |
| Pre-Colonial Africa Spiritual significance in some cultures, linked to mystical practices or specific religious orders; symbol of wisdom. |
| Enslavement Era (Americas) Associated with marginalized status; often misunderstood and stigmatized by enslavers. |
| Civil Rights/Black Power Era Associated with Rastafarianism and anti-establishment movements; symbol of spiritual and cultural liberation. |
| Contemporary Relevance Diverse meanings ❉ spiritual journey, cultural connection, low-maintenance choice, professional expression, artistic statement. |
| Hairstyle Type These hairstyles collectively represent a dynamic legacy of survival, cultural retention, and evolving self-determination within the African diaspora. |
Academic
The African Diaspora Hairstyles represent a complex socio-cultural phenomenon, grounded in the distinctive biological properties of melanin-rich, coiled hair, profoundly shaped by historical trajectories of forced displacement, and continuously reinterpreted as expressions of identity, resistance, and communal memory. This concept transcends simple categorization as cosmetic choices; instead, it offers a window into the lived experiences, spiritual cosmologies, and enduring resilience of people of African descent across centuries and geographical boundaries. It is an elucidation of how elemental biology intersects with the deepest currents of human experience, forming a comprehensive statement of being. The designation “African Diaspora Hairstyles” thus refers to the practices, aesthetics, and cultural meanings associated with Black and mixed-race hair, stretching from the African continent to its scattered descendants, always with a profound link to ancestral wisdom and contemporary self-determination.
Scholarly inquiry reveals that hair in African societies, prior to European intervention, served as a profound system of communication, carrying intricate information about an individual’s lineage, social standing, age, marital status, and spiritual commitments. Rosado (2003) makes a compelling argument that the grammar of hair, its morphology and syntax of symbols, allows for a deep understanding of how hair has been and continues to be used to transfer cultural knowledge within the African diaspora. This analytical framework shifts the understanding of hair from a mere aesthetic concern to a vibrant, communicative language. The maintenance of these intricate hair grooming practices and the styles themselves across the diaspora is anthropologically relevant because of the socio-cultural role hair maintains among Black communities.
Bio-Structural Realities of Coiled Strands ❉ The Science of African Hair
Understanding African Diaspora Hairstyles requires a foundational comprehension of the unique physicochemical properties of Afro-textured hair. Unlike straight hair, which typically has a round cross-section, Afro-textured hair shafts are often elliptical, creating a high degree of curvature and varying diameters along the fiber. This structural particularity results in multiple points of curvature along the strand, rendering the hair more prone to mechanical stress and breakage.
Despite sometimes having a higher lipid content, Afro-textured hair is frequently described as dry due to its unique structure, which can hinder the even distribution of natural oils from the scalp along the coiled shaft. This scientific understanding directly validates the ancestral practices of heavily oiling and buttering the hair, as these methods served to compensate for the hair’s natural tendency toward dryness and fragility. The wisdom of these traditional care rituals, which prioritized moisture retention and gentle handling, finds compelling affirmation in contemporary trichological research.
Moreover, the unique biomechanical characteristics of African hair, including its spiral hair follicles, create inherent areas of weakness, making it more susceptible to damage from routine manipulation, chemical processing, and heat styling. This susceptibility underscores the importance of protective styling and the mindful application of heat, practices that have been informally understood within Black communities for generations. The inherent biological architecture of Afro-textured hair fundamentally shaped the care rituals and styling methodologies that define African Diaspora Hairstyles.
The development of effective hair care solutions for Afro-textured hair necessitates a more profound understanding of its genetic traits, molecular structure, and biomechanics. Studies have highlighted that insufficient knowledge of its unique properties often leads to incompatible hair care products and practices, frequently resulting in detrimental effects on the scalp, including alopecia. This reality underscores the urgent need for a confluence of scientific research and culturally informed care practices, ensuring that modern advancements genuinely serve the unique requirements of this hair type.
Sociopolitical Semiotics ❉ Hair as a Language of Identity and Defiance
The sociopolitical meaning of African Diaspora Hairstyles is deeply interwoven with the history of racial oppression and the subsequent acts of self-assertion. In pre-colonial African societies, hair was a powerful signifier, acting as a “grammar of hair” through which complex social messages were conveyed. Wolof women in Senegal, for instance, might partially shave their heads to signal availability for courtship, while specific styles among Nigerian women in polygamous relationships could communicate messages to rivals. This intricate communicative function was purposefully targeted during the transatlantic slave trade.
A Powerful Historical Example That Illuminates the African Diaspora Hairstyles’s Connection to Textured Hair Heritage and Black Hair Experiences is the Deliberate and Systematic Shaving of Enslaved Africans’ Hair upon Their Capture and Arrival in the Americas. This act was not merely for hygiene on crowded slave ships; it was a calculated and devastating strategy to strip individuals of their cultural identity, sever their communal ties, and enforce a forced anonymity, thus aiming to psychologically diminish their personhood and erase their heritage (Byrd and Tharps, 2014, p. 10; Sieber and Herreman, 2000). The hair, which in Africa had been a vibrant medium for expressing lineage, status, and spirituality, was rendered uniform and nondescript, serving as a tangible manifestation of the captives’ new, debased status. This specific historical trauma profoundly shaped the subsequent trajectory of Black hair practices in the diaspora, turning hair into a constant site of negotiation, adaptation, and eventual reclamation.
Following enslavement, the cultural context surrounding Black hair continued to be fraught. Eurocentric beauty standards were enforced, often denigrating natural Afro-textured hair as “bad” or “unmanageable”. This forced conformity led to generations employing methods ranging from rudimentary, damaging concoctions like axle grease and heated butter knives to later chemical relaxers and hot combs, all to achieve straighter textures deemed more acceptable for social and economic participation.
The “pencil test” used in apartheid South Africa, where a pencil was inserted into hair to determine proximity to whiteness and thus access to privileges, serves as a stark statistical example of how hair texture became a marker of racial classification and social status, directly impacting individual lives. This insidious form of hair discrimination continues to manifest in various societal spheres, including workplaces and schools, linking hair to mental and physical health implications for people of African descent.
The Genesis of Dispossession ❉ Enslavement and the Erasure of Hair Heritage
The systematic attack on African hair during the transatlantic slave trade stands as a pivotal historical moment, reshaping the trajectory of African Diaspora Hairstyles. The act of shaving heads upon capture was more than a practical measure; it was a symbolic violation, a deliberate act of stripping away identity. This imposed sameness served to dismantle the complex social structures and visual communication systems that hair represented in diverse African cultures. The significance of hair was so profound in pre-colonial societies that its forced removal was a direct assault on the personhood and communal belonging of enslaved individuals.
The harsh realities of plantation life further compounded this dispossession. Enslaved people were often denied the time and tools necessary for proper hair care, leading to widespread issues of scalp diseases and hair loss. This neglect, coupled with the introduction of new environmental stressors and the scarcity of traditional resources, forced an adaptation of hair practices using whatever was available, including rudimentary substances like axle grease, bacon fat, or eel skin for moisture and straightening. This period marked a profound shift, where hair care moved from a celebrated cultural ritual to a desperate act of survival and covert self-preservation.
Even within this brutal system, an informal caste system sometimes emerged on plantations, favoring those with straighter hair textures for less arduous domestic work, thus perpetuating internal divisions based on Eurocentric ideals. The legacy of this period continues to influence perceptions of “good” versus “bad” hair within some communities.
The Tignon Law, enacted in Louisiana in 1786, stands as a particularly poignant example of legal discrimination aimed at controlling Black women’s hair. This legislation mandated that women of African descent, whether enslaved or free, cover their hair with a tignon or headwrap, explicitly to prevent them from “competing” with white women in terms of appearance. This law, rather than diminishing their beauty, inadvertently sparked a creative response, as women adorned their headwraps with jewels and elaborate folds, transforming a symbol of oppression into an expression of defiance and cultural flair. This historical precedent underscores the continuous struggle over the autonomy of Black hair and its deep connection to issues of social control and racial hierarchy.
Resurrection of Identity ❉ Natural Hair Movements
The mid-20th century saw a powerful resurgence of natural hair as a political and cultural statement, primarily fueled by the Civil Rights and Black Power movements. The slogan “Black is beautiful” became a rallying cry, encouraging African Americans to reject Eurocentric beauty standards and embrace their natural hair textures as symbols of pride and solidarity. The Afro hairstyle, in particular, became an icon of this era, symbolizing political alliance and a conscious break from centuries of forced assimilation. This period marked a significant re-alignment of identity with African roots, fostering a collective consciousness around self-acceptance and ancestral connection.
This initial natural hair movement, while impactful, did not entirely erase the ingrained pressures to conform to straightened styles. However, the early 2000s witnessed a renewed and sustained natural hair movement, propelled by digital media and a growing desire for healthier hair care practices. This contemporary movement has seen a widespread transition among people of African descent from chemical straighteners to a celebration of coils, curls, and kinks in their unprocessed state.
It is a collective endeavor to define beauty on one’s own terms, challenging persistent biases in society and advocating for greater acceptance in all spheres of life. The movement’s vitality is reflected in the proliferation of natural hair expositions, online communities, and specialized salons globally, extending from São Paulo to Johannesburg, Madrid, and Atlanta.
The ongoing reclamation of natural hair serves as a testament to the enduring cultural significance of African Diaspora Hairstyles. It speaks to a deep, collective memory and a desire to honor the genetic and historical legacy of textured hair. This movement does not simply represent a trend; it is a profound act of self-love, cultural preservation, and a continued dialogue with a rich ancestral past. The emphasis on recognizing and celebrating the diversity of Afro-textured hair types further reinforces this ethos, moving beyond monolithic standards to embrace the spectrum of beauty inherent in Black hair.
The Economics of Adornment ❉ Industry and Ancestral Wisdom
The historical subjugation of Afro-textured hair created an economic landscape shaped by both necessity and opportunity. The early 20th century saw the rise of Black entrepreneurs like Madam C.J. Walker, who built empires by developing hair care products specifically for Black women, often focusing on straightening techniques.
While some of these products aimed to facilitate conformity to Eurocentric standards, they also addressed a genuine need for products that acknowledged the unique properties of Black hair, creating wealth and employment within the Black community when mainstream industries ignored it. This development highlights an early instance of ancestral wisdom, albeit adapted to prevailing societal pressures, being translated into economic self-determination.
The contemporary natural hair movement has stimulated a different kind of economic ecosystem. There is a growing demand for products that cater to the natural state of coiled and curly hair, emphasizing moisture, gentle ingredients, and formulations that respect the hair’s inherent structure. This shift has led to the emergence of numerous Black-owned hair care brands rooted in principles of natural wellness and ancestral knowledge, often utilizing traditional African ingredients like shea butter, coconut oil, and argan oil. The global market for Black hair care is substantial, reflecting not only a commercial demand but also a cultural affirmation of natural hair.
However, challenges persist. The lack of extensive scientific research on Afro-textured hair, compared to European hair, has often resulted in generic products that do not adequately address its specific needs, sometimes causing adverse effects like alopecia due to incompatible formulations. This gap underscores a critical need for increased investment in scientific and clinical partnerships focused on Afro-textured hair, ensuring that economic development in this sector is guided by rigorous understanding and ethical considerations for hair health. The fusion of scientific validation with ancestral care practices holds the promise of truly transformative solutions, allowing the economics of adornment to serve the holistic well-being and heritage of the diaspora.
The table below provides a conceptual overview of the shifting industrial and care philosophies surrounding African Diaspora Hairstyles ❉
| Era/Approach Pre-Colonial Africa |
| Dominant Hair Goals Health, spiritual connection, social communication. |
| Key Products/Practices Natural oils (shea, palm), herbs, intricate braiding, communal grooming. |
| Cultural/Economic Context Integral to social structure, identity, spiritual rituals; localized economies of care. |
| Era/Approach Enslavement & Post-Emancipation |
| Dominant Hair Goals Survival, conformity to Eurocentric ideals, minimal damage. |
| Key Products/Practices Axle grease, lard, rudimentary straightening tools; later hot combs, lye-based relaxers. |
| Cultural/Economic Context Forced assimilation, economic gatekeeping; emergence of Black hair entrepreneurs. |
| Era/Approach Civil Rights & Black Power |
| Dominant Hair Goals Racial pride, political statement, self-acceptance. |
| Key Products/Practices Afro picks, natural hair shampoos/conditioners; emphasis on unprocessed hair. |
| Cultural/Economic Context Cultural revolution, rejection of oppressive norms; limited industry support. |
| Era/Approach Contemporary Natural Hair Movement |
| Dominant Hair Goals Health, texture definition, versatility, cultural affirmation. |
| Key Products/Practices Moisturizing creams, styling gels for natural curls, protective styles, DIY recipes; diverse product lines. |
| Cultural/Economic Context Global movement, Black-owned brands, online communities; ongoing advocacy against hair discrimination. |
| Era/Approach This table highlights how the care and styling of African Diaspora Hairstyles have consistently mirrored and responded to broader societal shifts and communal aspirations. |
Reflection on the Heritage of African Diaspora Hairstyles
The exploration of African Diaspora Hairstyles brings us to a profound understanding of their enduring legacy, a narrative woven into the very strands of textured hair. This heritage is not a static relic of the past; rather, it is a living, breathing archive of resilience, creativity, and the unwavering spirit of a people. From the elemental biology that shapes each distinct coil to the intricate historical tapestry of resistance and reclamation, these hairstyles represent a continuous dialogue between ancient wisdom and contemporary expression. They embody the journey of self-definition, transcending geographical boundaries and societal impositions to celebrate the inherent beauty and cultural richness of Black and mixed-race hair.
The tender thread of care that runs through generations of African and diasporic communities speaks to a deep reverence for hair as a sacred part of self. It reminds us that practices like oiling, braiding, and communal grooming are not just routines, but rituals imbued with ancestral knowledge and communal connection. This wisdom, passed down through the ages, continues to guide us toward holistic well-being, acknowledging hair as an extension of our inner vitality. The unwavering commitment to nurturing textured hair, despite historical attempts to diminish it, is a powerful act of love and remembrance, a testament to the deep-rooted bond between hair and identity.
African Diaspora Hairstyles stand as vibrant testaments to the continuous interplay of biological specificity, historical struggle, and cultural triumph across the globe.
The unbound helix of African Diaspora Hairstyles continues to shape futures, voicing identity with undeniable clarity. Each choice of style, from the proud declaration of an Afro to the protective artistry of braids and locs, asserts autonomy and celebrates an ancestral lineage. This ongoing evolution is a dynamic conversation, reflecting shifts in social acceptance, artistic expression, and individual journeys toward self-acceptance.
The ability of hair to serve as both a personal statement and a collective symbol underscores its unique power. As we move forward, understanding and honoring this heritage becomes not just an academic exercise but a vital part of fostering a more inclusive and appreciative world, recognizing that the stories held within every strand are integral to the human story itself.
References
- Byrd, Ayana D. and Lori L. Tharps. Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Griffin, 2014.
- FASHOLA, Joseph O. and ABIODUN Hannah O. “The Ontology of Hair and Identity Crises in African Literature.” IASR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, 2023, pp. 29-41.
- Idowu, Olusola C. Ewa Markiewicz, and Deborah Oladele. “The Genomic Variation in Textured Hair ❉ Implications in Developing a Holistic Hair Care Routine.” Cosmetics, vol. 11, no. 6, 2024, p. 183.
- Lashley, Myrna. “The Importance of Hair in the Identity of Black People.” Nouvelles pratiques sociales, vol. 30, no. 1, 2018, pp. 165-177.
- McMullen, Roger L. and Tim Johnson. “Physicochemical Properties of Textured Hair.” Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 72, no. 4, 2022, pp. 711-731.
- Mbilishaka, Afiya M. “PsychoHairapy ❉ Brushing Up on the History and Psychology of Black Hair.” Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, vol. 28, no. 1, 2023, pp. 78-86.
- Nyela, Océane. Braided Archives ❉ Black Hair as a Site of Diasporic Transindividuation. Thesis, York University, 2021.
- Opie, Ashley, and Lisa Phillips. “Narratives of Black Women on Hair in the Workplace.” PINS, vol. 58, 2019, pp. 27-49.
- Omotoso, Sharon Adetutu. “Gender and Hair Politics ❉ An African Philosophical Analysis.” Phronimon, vol. 20, 2019, pp. 1-19.
- Patton, Tracey Owens. “Hey Girl, Am I More Than My Hair? ❉ African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair.” NWSA Journal, vol. 18, no. 2, 2006, pp. 24-51.
- Rosado, Sybille. “Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America.” Women & Performance ❉ a journal of feminist theory, vol. 13, no. 1, 2003, pp. 61-68.
- Sieber, Roy, and Frank Herreman. “Hair in African Art and Culture.” African Arts, vol. 33, no. 3, 2000, pp. 54-69.
- Walker, Tiffani, and Ifeoma D. Ulasi. “Historical Perspectives on Hair Care and Common Styling Practices in Black Women.” Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, vol. 24, no. 3, 2025, pp. 287-291.
- Williams, Tiffany, et al. “The Person Beneath the Hair ❉ Hair Discrimination, Health, and Well-Being.” Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, vol. 16, no. 2, 2023, pp. 106-117.