What historical significance do textured hair practices hold for Black identity?

Roots

To truly comprehend the profound journey of textured hair practices and their enduring resonance within Black identity, one must first listen to the whispers of antiquity, the echoes from the very source of our being. This exploration is an invitation, a gentle beckoning to walk a path where biology, spirit, and collective memory converge, unveiling how the inherent nature of textured hair has always been, and remains, a sacred component of selfhood and community. It is a journey into the ancestral wisdom held within each curl, coil, and strand, a wisdom that has guided generations through eras of celebration, struggle, and unwavering resilience.

Anatomy and Ancestral Understanding of Textured Hair

The very architecture of textured hair, with its unique helical structure, sets it apart. Unlike straight or wavy hair, the follicular genesis of textured strands involves an elliptical cross-section, which contributes to the characteristic coiling or kinking. This intricate geometry dictates how moisture travels along the hair shaft, influencing its inherent needs and vulnerabilities. Historically, ancestral communities across the African continent possessed an intuitive understanding of this biological reality.

Their practices were not born of scientific laboratories, but from centuries of intimate observation and communal wisdom, passed down through the gentle touch of hands during styling rituals. They recognized the delicate balance required to maintain hair’s vitality in diverse climates, adapting their care to honor its natural inclination towards dryness and its strength in collective mass. This ancestral knowledge, predating modern trichology, laid the groundwork for sophisticated care routines that prioritized hydration, protection, and gentle manipulation.

Consider the deep reverence afforded to hair in many ancient African societies. It was not merely an aesthetic adornment but a living extension of the self, a conduit for spiritual connection, and a visible marker of one’s place within the social fabric. The top of the head, where hair originates, was often viewed as a spiritual gateway, a point of connection to the divine and to ancestral spirits.

This belief informed meticulous care, as tending to one’s hair became a sacred act, a form of spiritual attunement. This deep spiritual connection is a fundamental aspect of the historical significance of textured hair practices, binding the physical with the metaphysical.

Classification Systems and Cultural Origins

The ways we categorize textured hair today, while seemingly clinical, often carry subtle undertones of historical biases. Modern classification systems, such as those categorizing hair types from 1A to 4C, aim to provide a universal language for describing curl patterns. Yet, the very framework of these systems, emerging from a beauty industry historically centered on Eurocentric ideals, sometimes inadvertently positions looser curl patterns as more desirable or manageable. To truly appreciate the historical significance, one must look beyond these contemporary metrics and consider how hair was perceived and categorized within its originating cultural contexts.

In pre-colonial African societies, hair classification was not about a numerical grading of curl tightness but about the narrative it conveyed. Styles indicated age, marital status, tribal affiliation, social rank, and even readiness for rites of passage. A particular braid pattern might signify a woman’s eligibility for marriage, while another could denote a warrior’s prowess.

The classification was fluid, dynamic, and deeply symbolic, rooted in the collective understanding of a community’s identity and heritage. This rich, non-linear approach to hair identification stands in stark contrast to later, more rigid systems that often sought to flatten the diverse expressions of textured hair into a narrow, comparative framework.

The historical significance of textured hair practices lies in their profound connection to identity, communication, and spiritual heritage across generations.

What traditional systems of hair categorization once conveyed beyond mere texture?

Beyond simple appearance, traditional African societies employed hair as a complex language, where styling conveyed intricate social messages. The patterns, adornments, and overall presentation of hair served as a visual lexicon, communicating vital information about an individual’s standing and journey within their community. This nuanced system of classification was interwoven with the very fabric of daily life and ceremonial occasions.

• Age ❉ Specific styles were often reserved for children, adolescents, adults, and elders, marking transitions through life’s stages.
• Marital Status ❉ A woman’s hair might indicate whether she was single, married, or widowed, guiding social interactions and courtship.
• Tribal Affiliation ❉ Distinct styles were unique to particular ethnic groups, serving as powerful identifiers of lineage and belonging.
• Social Rank ❉ Royalty, spiritual leaders, and other esteemed individuals wore elaborate styles that visually communicated their elevated positions.
• Spiritual Beliefs ❉ Certain hair preparations or adornments were believed to offer protection, invite blessings, or connect the wearer to ancestral wisdom.

The Essential Lexicon of Textured Hair

The language we use to speak of textured hair has its own lineage, a journey from ancestral terms to modern adaptations. Understanding this lexicon, particularly its historical components, deepens our appreciation for the enduring legacy of textured hair practices. Terms like ‘locs,’ ‘braids,’ and ‘twists,’ while commonplace today, carry centuries of cultural weight and historical meaning. They represent techniques refined over generations, practices that survived forced migrations and attempts at cultural erasure.

The term ‘cornrows,’ for instance, a staple in Black hair culture, has roots that stretch back thousands of years, with depictions found in rock art in southeastern Algeria dating to 3500 BCE. These styles were not merely decorative; they were practical, protective, and, at times, served as clandestine forms of communication. During periods of enslavement, these intricate patterns held vital, hidden messages. The practice of cornrowing, therefore, carries the historical weight of both everyday practicality and profound resistance, a testament to the ingenuity of a people determined to retain their identity against overwhelming forces.

Hair Growth Cycles and Influencing Factors

The scientific understanding of hair growth cycles – anagen, catagen, and telogen phases – offers a framework for modern care. Yet, historical practices implicitly acknowledged these cycles, even without formal scientific nomenclature. Ancestral communities understood that hair had periods of growth, rest, and shedding, and their care routines were designed to support health throughout these phases. Herbal rinses, scalp massages with natural oils, and protective styling all contributed to an environment conducive to healthy growth and retention.

Beyond intrinsic biology, external factors have always shaped the health and appearance of textured hair. In ancestral African contexts, diet, climate, and lifestyle played a significant role. Nutrient-rich indigenous foods supported hair vitality, while communal living and shared care rituals reinforced healthy practices. The harsh realities of the transatlantic slave trade, however, introduced profound disruptions.

Enslaved Africans were often deprived of their traditional tools, natural ingredients, and the time for communal hair care. This forced deprivation had a devastating impact on hair health, yet even under such duress, the ingenuity of those oppressed found ways to preserve fragments of their heritage, adapting practices to new, brutal environments. This resilience, born of necessity, underscores the deep significance of these practices as acts of cultural preservation.

Ritual

As we move beyond the foundational understanding of textured hair’s very essence, we step into a realm where artistry meets ancestral wisdom ❉ the enduring ritual of styling. For those who wear textured hair, this is not merely a superficial act of adornment; it is a profound engagement with heritage, a daily or weekly ceremony that connects us to generations past. It is in the shaping, coiling, braiding, and adorning of hair that the historical significance truly comes alive, manifesting as a living, breathing testament to resilience, creativity, and identity. Here, techniques passed down through oral tradition and lived experience continue to shape our present, allowing us to walk in the footsteps of those who came before.

Protective Styling Encyclopedia

Protective styles stand as a testament to the ingenious adaptation and enduring legacy of textured hair practices. These styles, designed to shield delicate strands from environmental stressors and manipulation, possess deep ancestral roots. From the intricate cornrows of ancient African kingdoms to the enduring practice of Bantu knots, these methods served not only as aesthetic expressions but as practical solutions for maintaining hair health in challenging conditions. The historical context reveals that these were often born of necessity, allowing individuals to manage hair effectively during long journeys, agricultural work, or periods of communal gathering.

The cornrow, for instance, a style with roots in antiquity, transcended mere practicality during the transatlantic slave trade. In a striking act of quiet defiance, enslaved Africans sometimes used cornrows to encode secret messages and even maps, charting escape routes to freedom. These intricate patterns, often concealed beneath headwraps or within larger styles, became a clandestine form of communication, a testament to profound courage and the unwavering spirit of liberation (Ibiene, 2022; Sharma, 2018).

This singular example powerfully illustrates how a hair practice, seemingly mundane, could carry the weight of survival and the yearning for autonomy. The very act of braiding became a silent, yet potent, act of resistance, solidifying the historical significance of these practices beyond mere aesthetics.

What ancestral roots underpin popular protective styles today?

The protective styles we see today are direct descendants of techniques perfected over centuries in African communities. These ancestral methods were designed to minimize breakage, retain moisture, and protect the hair shaft from environmental damage, all while serving social and cultural purposes.

• Braids ❉ From simple plaits to complex patterns, braiding traditions are widespread across Africa, used for adornment, social status, and practicality.
• Twists ❉ Similar to braids, two-strand twists and their variations were utilized for both styling and protecting the hair, particularly at night.
• Bantu Knots ❉ Originating from the Zulu people of Southern Africa, these coiled knots were a common way to section and protect hair, also creating curl patterns when unraveled.
• Thread Wraps ❉ In some West African cultures, hair was wrapped tightly with thread to stretch and protect it, promoting growth and length retention.

Natural Styling and Definition Techniques

The celebration of natural texture, a prominent movement in recent decades, finds its genesis in ancestral reverence for hair’s inherent form. Before the widespread imposition of Eurocentric beauty standards, the natural definition of textured hair was universally admired and meticulously cared for. Techniques for enhancing curl patterns, such as finger coiling or shingling with natural emollients, were likely practiced intuitively. The aim was not to alter the hair’s structure but to hydrate and define its natural inclination, allowing its inherent beauty to shine.

The historical journey of natural styling also reflects periods of suppression and reclamation. Following emancipation, many Black individuals felt pressure to conform to prevailing beauty norms, often resorting to chemical relaxers or hot combs to straighten their hair. This era, while born of systemic pressures, also gave rise to figures like Madam C.J. Walker, who built an economic empire addressing the hair care needs of Black women, even as her products often facilitated straightening (Frost, 2021).

The resurgence of the natural hair movement in the 1960s, intertwined with the Black Power movement, marked a powerful reclamation of ancestral aesthetics and a defiant assertion of identity. It was a conscious return to practices that honored the authentic texture, symbolizing self-acceptance and a rejection of imposed ideals.

Wigs and Hair Extensions Mastery

The use of wigs and hair extensions, often perceived as modern trends, also possesses a rich historical and cultural lineage within Black communities. In ancient Egypt, wigs were worn by both men and women, signifying status, cleanliness, and protection from the sun. These elaborate hairpieces were crafted from human hair, plant fibers, or wool, often adorned with beads and gold thread. This practice carried significant cultural weight, extending beyond mere fashion to spiritual and social statements.

In various African cultures, hair extensions were created using natural fibers, wool, or even other human hair, skillfully integrated to create more voluminous or longer styles. These were not about masking one’s natural hair but enhancing its appearance for ceremonial occasions, signifying wealth, or conveying specific social messages. The mastery involved in creating and integrating these additions speaks to a long-standing tradition of hair artistry.

Today, while the materials and techniques have evolved, the underlying purpose often remains the same ❉ a desire for versatility, protection, and the expression of personal or collective identity. This continuity underscores how deeply rooted these practices are within the historical significance of textured hair.

Heat Styling and Thermal Reconditioning

The introduction of heat styling and chemical reconditioning to textured hair care represents a complex chapter in its history, often reflecting societal pressures to conform. While some ancestral cultures used heated tools, such as heated stones or natural combs, for minor manipulation or ceremonial purposes, the widespread use of hot combs and chemical relaxers in the diaspora marked a distinct shift. These tools, particularly from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowed for significant alteration of the hair’s natural curl pattern, enabling styles that more closely resembled Eurocentric ideals.

This historical trajectory, driven by discrimination and the pursuit of social acceptance, often came at a cost to hair health. Repeated heat application and harsh chemicals could lead to damage, breakage, and scalp irritation. The journey towards a holistic understanding of textured hair now prioritizes a safety-first approach, emphasizing minimal heat and gentle, nourishing treatments.

This contemporary wisdom stands in conversation with the ancestral practices that intuitively understood the hair’s delicate nature, favoring methods that preserved its integrity rather than fundamentally altering its inherent structure. The contrast reveals a painful historical period, yet also a modern reclamation of health-conscious care, informed by the lessons of the past.

Relay

As we journey deeper into the enduring narrative of textured hair, we arrive at a space where ancestral wisdom truly relays its timeless insights into daily practice. This is the realm of holistic care, nighttime rituals, and problem-solving, where the historical significance of textured hair practices is not merely observed but actively lived. It is here that science, cultural tradition, and personal wellbeing intertwine, inviting a profound connection to the lineage of resilience and beauty that defines Black identity. How does this deep stream of heritage inform our contemporary approach to nurturing our strands, and what profound truths does it reveal about the interwoven nature of hair, self, and community?

Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens

Crafting a personalized textured hair regimen today draws heavily from the wellspring of ancestral wisdom, even as it incorporates modern scientific understanding. For generations, care was not a one-size-fits-all prescription but a tailored approach, recognizing the unique needs of individual hair textures within a family or community. This nuanced understanding was often passed down through observation and hands-on teaching, particularly from elder women to younger generations. The historical significance lies in this deeply personal, yet communally shared, approach to care, where knowledge was embodied and transmitted through lived experience.

Ancestral regimens centered on understanding the hair’s response to natural ingredients and gentle manipulation. They understood that textured hair, by its very nature, required abundant moisture and careful handling to prevent breakage. This intuitive grasp of hair physiology, long before the advent of chemical compounds, laid the groundwork for effective routines.

Modern science now validates many of these traditional practices, demonstrating the benefits of moisture layering, protective styling, and scalp massage. The synergy between these two knowledge systems – the ancestral and the scientific – allows for the creation of regimens that honor both the historical lineage of textured hair and its biological needs in the present.

Holistic hair care for textured strands represents a harmonious convergence of ancestral wisdom and contemporary scientific validation.

The Nighttime Sanctuary ❉ Essential Sleep Protection and Bonnet Wisdom

The nighttime ritual of protecting textured hair is a practice deeply embedded in its historical journey, particularly within the diaspora. Long before silk pillowcases became a popular beauty recommendation, various forms of head coverings were utilized to preserve hairstyles, prevent tangling, and retain moisture during sleep. The historical significance of this practice transcends mere convenience; it speaks to a fundamental understanding of textured hair’s delicate nature and the practical necessity of maintaining its integrity.

The headwrap, or ‘tignon’ in Louisiana, holds a particularly poignant place in this history. In 1786, Spanish Governor Esteban Rodriguez Miró enacted the Tignon Laws, attempting to suppress the perceived “extravagance” and allure of free Black women by forcing them to cover their hair with a headscarf (Gould, 1992; Long, 2006). This law, intended as a badge of inferiority, was met with extraordinary resistance and creativity. Black women transformed these mandated coverings into statements of beauty, using vibrant fabrics, elaborate ties, and adornments, effectively turning an act of oppression into a symbol of defiance and self-expression.

The bonnet, a direct descendant of these protective head coverings, thus carries the weight of this historical resilience. It is not just a tool for hair preservation but a symbol of a legacy where even attempts at suppression were met with innovation and an unwavering assertion of identity.

Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs

The efficacy of many modern hair care ingredients for textured hair finds its roots in ancestral knowledge of botanicals and natural resources. For centuries, communities across Africa and the diaspora relied on the bounty of their environments to nourish and care for their hair. These traditional ingredients were chosen for their moisturizing, strengthening, and protective properties, often discovered through generations of empirical observation.

What traditional ingredients formed the backbone of ancestral hair care?

The ancestral approach to hair care was intrinsically linked to the land and its offerings. Communities utilized readily available plants, oils, and clays, recognizing their beneficial properties through generations of practical application.

1. Shea Butter ❉ Extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree, this rich butter was (and remains) a cornerstone for its deep moisturizing and sealing properties, protecting hair from dryness and breakage.
2. Coconut Oil ❉ Widely used in coastal African communities, it served as a conditioning agent, offering shine and scalp health.
3. Aloe Vera ❉ Valued for its soothing and hydrating qualities, aloe was applied to the scalp to calm irritation and promote a healthy environment for hair growth.
4. Various Herbs and Clays ❉ Plants like Chebe powder (from Chad) for length retention, or rhassoul clay (from Morocco) for gentle cleansing, represent regional variations of ancestral ingredient wisdom.

The knowledge of these ingredients and their specific applications was often communal, shared within families and passed down through the practice of collective hair styling sessions. This shared wisdom created a robust system of care that addressed the unique needs of textured hair, relying on natural abundance rather than manufactured compounds. The current resurgence of interest in ‘clean’ beauty and natural ingredients reflects a conscious return to these ancestral principles, recognizing their enduring power and the profound heritage they represent.

Textured Hair Problem Solving Compendium

The challenges associated with textured hair – dryness, breakage, and tangling – are not new phenomena. Ancestral communities developed sophisticated, albeit informal, problem-solving strategies that predate modern scientific interventions. Their compendium of solutions was built on an intimate understanding of the hair’s structural properties and its response to different environmental factors. For example, excessive dryness, a common concern for textured hair due to its coil pattern impeding natural oil distribution, was addressed through consistent oiling and protective styles that sealed in moisture.

Breakage, often a result of dryness and manipulation, was mitigated through gentle detangling techniques using fingers or wide-toothed combs crafted from natural materials. Communal hair sessions, where individuals would assist one another, minimized the risk of damage during these delicate processes. These historical solutions, while lacking the scientific language of today, were remarkably effective because they respected the hair’s inherent characteristics. The ongoing journey of problem-solving for textured hair thus represents a continuous dialogue between ancient wisdom and contemporary research, each informing the other to create more effective and respectful care practices.

Holistic Influences on Hair Health

The holistic approach to hair health, recognizing the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and spiritual wellbeing, is deeply rooted in ancestral wellness philosophies. For many African cultures, hair was not isolated from the rest of the body or spirit; it was an integral part of a person’s overall vitality. This perspective contrasts sharply with a purely cosmetic view of hair. The historical significance here lies in the understanding that true hair health emanated from within, reflecting the balance of one’s entire being.

Traditional healing practices often incorporated hair care as part of broader wellness rituals. Diet, stress management, and spiritual practices were all seen as contributing factors to the health and appearance of hair. When hair issues arose, the approach was not merely to treat the symptom but to address the underlying imbalance within the individual’s holistic system.

This ancestral lens encourages us to view our hair not just as fibers on our head but as sensitive indicators of our internal state, connected to our lineage and our spiritual grounding. The wisdom of these traditions invites us to tend to our textured hair not only with products and techniques but with mindfulness, reverence, and a deep appreciation for its place within our personal and collective heritage.

Relay

Having explored the foundational anatomy and the sacred rituals that define textured hair practices, we now arrive at the most sophisticated layer of our inquiry ❉ the enduring relay of its significance across time and through the intricate web of Black identity. This section invites a deeper contemplation, a profound insight into how textured hair practices have not merely existed but have actively shaped cultural narratives, served as powerful symbols, and continue to guide the trajectory of Black experiences. How do the nuanced complexities of biology, social dynamics, and historical memory converge to create a legacy that resonates far beyond the scalp, speaking to the very core of who we are and who we are becoming?

Hair as a Symbol of Resistance and Autonomy

The historical significance of textured hair practices is perhaps nowhere more powerfully displayed than in its role as a symbol of resistance and a declaration of autonomy. Throughout centuries of oppression, particularly during the transatlantic slave trade and its aftermath, hair became a silent battleground, a site where identity was both attacked and defiantly preserved. Enslaved Africans were often stripped of their traditional hairstyles and tools, their heads sometimes shaved upon arrival, a brutal act designed to erase cultural memory and impose a new, subjugated identity. Yet, even in the face of such dehumanization, fragments of ancestral practices endured, serving as quiet acts of rebellion.

The strategic use of cornrows to conceal rice grains for sustenance or to map escape routes, as observed in historical accounts from places like Palenque de San Basilio in Colombia, stands as a testament to this ingenuity (Ibiene, 2022; Sharma, 2018). These acts transformed a styling practice into a tool of survival and a symbol of an unyielding spirit. Later, the Tignon Laws of 18th-century Louisiana, which mandated that free women of color cover their hair to diminish their social standing, met with an equally defiant response.

These women, instead of succumbing to the law’s oppressive intent, transformed their headwraps into elaborate, vibrant statements of beauty and status, subverting the very purpose of the decree (Gould, 1992; Long, 2006). This historical example underscores how Black women, through their hair, actively resisted attempts to strip them of their dignity and self-expression, asserting their inherent worth in the face of systemic prejudice.

The Interplay of Hair, Beauty Standards, and Self-Perception

The relationship between textured hair, societal beauty standards, and individual self-perception is a complex, often fraught, historical narrative. For centuries, Eurocentric beauty ideals, characterized by straight, flowing hair, were imposed as the universal standard, marginalizing textured hair and its diverse expressions. This historical pressure led to widespread practices of hair alteration, including chemical relaxing and hot combing, often driven by a desire for social acceptance and professional advancement. The psychological toll of this pressure has been significant.

Research indicates that Black women, in particular, have experienced pressure to straighten their hair to conform, leading to feelings of inauthenticity and internal conflict (Dawson et al. 2019; Dickens & Chavez, 2018; Shih et al. 2013).

However, the narrative is not solely one of oppression. The rise of the natural hair movement, particularly since the 1960s and again in the early 21st century, represents a powerful shift. This movement, deeply rooted in the concept of Black pride and self-acceptance, has actively challenged and reshaped beauty standards. It has encouraged individuals to embrace their authentic texture, celebrating the inherent beauty of curls, coils, and locs.

Studies now suggest a positive correlation between wearing natural hair and a higher internal locus of control, indicating a stronger sense of self-direction and confidence (Doss, 2014). This evolution speaks to the profound impact of collective identity and cultural reclamation on individual wellbeing, demonstrating how hair practices can serve as a conduit for healing and empowerment.

The contemporary natural hair movement stands as a powerful testament to the enduring quest for self-definition and cultural reclamation.

Legislative Movements and the Future of Hair Freedom

The historical significance of textured hair practices is undeniably reflected in contemporary legislative efforts to protect hair freedom. The CROWN Act, an acronym for ‘Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair,’ is a direct response to centuries of hair discrimination faced by Black individuals in educational and professional settings. This legislation, first enacted in California in 2019 and now adopted by numerous states, prohibits discrimination based on hair texture and protective styles commonly associated with race, such as braids, locs, twists, and knots (The CROWN Act, 2019). Its very existence underscores the historical reality that hair, for Black people, has often been a barrier to opportunity, rather than a mere aesthetic choice.

The roots of the CROWN Act stretch back to legal cases where individuals were denied employment or educational opportunities because their natural hair was deemed “unprofessional” or “distracting.” These instances are direct echoes of historical attempts to control Black bodies and identities through the policing of appearance. The CROWN Act aims to dismantle these discriminatory practices, ensuring that individuals can express their cultural identity without fear of repercussion. Its passage represents a significant step towards affirming the inherent dignity of textured hair and acknowledging its deep cultural and historical value. The ongoing efforts to pass this legislation at a federal level signify a broader societal recognition of hair discrimination as a form of racial injustice, marking a crucial chapter in the ongoing relay of heritage and freedom.

Hair as a Living Archive of Cultural Memory

Textured hair, and the practices surrounding its care and styling, serves as a living archive of cultural memory, preserving narratives and traditions that might otherwise be lost. Each braid, each coil, each loc carries within it the echoes of ancestral hands, the wisdom of generations, and the resilience of a people. This concept elevates hair beyond its biological function, positioning it as a dynamic repository of history, spirituality, and collective identity. The intricate patterns of African braids, for instance, were not simply designs; they were visual histories, conveying stories of lineage, migration, and community.

This living archive is continually being written, even today. The revival of traditional styling techniques, the embrace of natural textures, and the shared experiences within the textured hair community all contribute to this ongoing cultural preservation. Through these practices, individuals connect directly to their heritage, drawing strength and identity from a lineage of hair traditions that have survived profound challenges.

It is a powerful reminder that culture is not static; it is a fluid, adaptive force, constantly renewed through the practices and expressions of its people. The historical significance of textured hair practices, therefore, is not merely about looking back but about actively participating in the continuation of a vibrant, living heritage.

Reflection

The journey through the historical significance of textured hair practices reveals a profound truth ❉ hair is far more than protein strands. It is a living chronicle, a testament to resilience, a sacred connection to ancestry, and a vibrant expression of identity for Black individuals across the globe. From the elemental biology of the strand to the intricate rituals of its care and the powerful relay of its cultural narratives, textured hair stands as an unwavering symbol. It whispers tales of ancient African kingdoms, shouts defiance against oppressive laws, and sings of the enduring spirit of self-acceptance.

Roothea’s ‘Soul of a Strand’ ethos finds its deepest resonance in this understanding, recognizing that every curl, coil, and loc is a repository of inherited wisdom, a tangible link to a heritage that has weathered storms and emerged, always, with luminous strength. This ongoing dialogue between past and present, between science and spirit, ensures that the story of textured hair remains a living, breathing archive, perpetually inspiring and affirming the inherent beauty of Black identity.

References

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• Dickens, J. & Chavez, A. (2018). Black Women’s Hair ❉ A Reflection of Identity, Race, and Politics. Women, Gender, and Families of Color.
• Doss, A. (2014). African American Personal Presentation ❉ Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception. Open Journal of Social Sciences.
• Frost, C. (2021, November 19). The Crown Act ❉ The history of hair. YouTube.
• Gould, V. M. (1992). The Free Women of Color of New Orleans ❉ Race, Class, and Culture in the Colonial City. Indiana University Press.
• Ibiene, A. (2022, October 19). Hair Mapping. ArcGIS StoryMaps.
• Long, C. (2006). A New Orleans Voudou Priestess ❉ The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau. University Press of Florida.
• Shih, M. Richeson, J. A. & Sanchez, D. T. (2013). Paradoxical Effects of Suppressing the Expression of One’s Racial Identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
• Sharma, N. (2018). A History Of African Hairstyles Used As Maps To Escape Slavery. History of Yesterday.
• The CROWN Act. (2019). About The CROWN Act. The Official CROWN Act.