Roots

The whisper of the earth often holds secrets, ancient and enduring, particularly for the strands that crown our heads. For those of us with textured hair, a heritage of resilience and distinct beauty, the question of what earth elements support its strength is not merely scientific; it is a profound echo from ancestral sources. Our hair, in its intricate coils and spirals, carries the wisdom of generations who lived intimately with the land, understanding its subtle offerings.

It is a story etched in every curl, a testament to the earth’s unwavering presence in our care rituals. This exploration delves into the foundational connections between our hair’s inherent structure and the very ground beneath our feet, a lineage of strength born of soil and tradition.

The arrangement of these textured ingredient blocks evokes a sense of heritage, recalling formulations passed through generations for maintaining the strength and beauty of textured hair. It's a commitment to holistic wellness rooted in ancestral practices and natural elements

Ancestral Connections to Earth’s Offerings

Across continents and through time, communities with textured hair developed systems of care that drew directly from their local environments. These practices were not born of happenstance, but from generations of observation, experimentation, and a deep, intuitive understanding of what the earth provided. The soil, the rocks, the plants that grew from them ❉ each held a potential for healing, cleansing, and fortifying the hair.

This ancestral knowledge, passed down through oral traditions and lived experience, represents a sophisticated ethnobotanical wisdom that often predates modern scientific classification. It speaks to a relationship with nature where beauty and wellbeing were inextricably linked to the land’s bounty.

The strength of textured hair often finds its beginnings in the very ground that sustained ancestral communities, a silent testament to enduring traditions.

Consider the widespread use of certain clays, harvested from specific geological formations, in traditional African and North African hair care. These clays, rich in minerals, were not simply cleansers; they were believed to purify and fortify the hair, drawing out impurities while depositing beneficial elements. The reverence for these earthly gifts shaped not only the physical care of hair but also its cultural significance, making hair rituals acts of connection to heritage and community.

The concentrated clay embodies holistic hair care rituals, offering gentle cleansing and mineral nourishment for textured hair strands to promote health and longevity, echoing ancestral practices. Its simple presence honors the connection between earth, heritage, and the vitality of the scalp

Hair Anatomy and Earth’s Influence

To comprehend how earth elements support textured hair, one must first appreciate the unique architecture of the strand itself. Textured hair, with its elliptical cross-section and varying degrees of curl, presents a different set of needs compared to straighter hair types. Its natural inclination towards dryness, due to the difficulty of scalp oils traveling down the spiral, means moisture retention and elasticity are paramount for strength. This is where certain earth elements historically intervened, offering properties that address these specific characteristics.

The outermost layer, the cuticle, acts as a protective shield. When this layer is compromised, hair becomes vulnerable to breakage. Earth elements containing particular minerals can contribute to the integrity of this cuticle, or provide a coating that guards against environmental stressors.

The inner cortex, responsible for much of the hair’s strength and elasticity, relies on a robust protein structure. Minerals found in the earth can act as cofactors in biological processes that support this internal scaffolding.

For instance, the presence of specific minerals like silica, magnesium, and iron within the body, often obtained through diet and indirectly from the earth’s soil, plays a role in overall hair health. While direct topical application of these elements in their raw form may not directly deposit them into the hair’s internal structure, their traditional use in masks and washes suggests a surface-level interaction that benefits the scalp and cuticle, creating an optimal environment for growth.

Hands meld ancient traditions with holistic wellness, meticulously crafting a nourishing hair mask. This act preserves heritage, celebrating rich coil textures through time-honored techniques and earth-sourced ingredients

Minerals and Their Hair Health Roles

Certain earth-derived minerals hold particular significance for hair strength. These are not merely abstract concepts; they are tangible components of the soil and water that have shaped human life and cultural practices for millennia.

  • Silica ❉ A compound abundant in many clays and certain plant extracts, silica is often linked to the synthesis of collagen, a protein important for hair’s elasticity and strength. Its presence in traditional remedies may have contributed to hair’s resilience.
  • Magnesium ❉ This mineral, found in various clays and some natural waters, plays a role in numerous enzymatic reactions within the body, some of which are relevant to hair follicle health. Topically, it contributes to the feel and texture of hair.
  • Iron ❉ A deficiency in iron can lead to hair loss and brittleness. While primarily absorbed through diet, traditional practices often incorporated iron-rich plants or clays that might have offered a localized benefit to the scalp. Iron is crucial for supplying oxygen to hair follicles, a process vital for their growth and regeneration (Philip Kingsley, 2021). Without sufficient iron, hair follicles may not receive enough oxygen, potentially leading to stunted growth or hair loss (Alopecia and Beyond, 2024).

The interplay of these elements, whether absorbed internally or applied externally through traditional preparations, contributes to a holistic vision of hair health that aligns with ancestral wisdom.

Women braid textured hair, passing down ancestral techniques in a scene celebrating Black hair traditions. This practice demonstrates deep commitment to heritage while emphasizing beauty, self-expression, and the significance of communal support for holistic hair wellness

Traditional Classifications and Elemental Wisdom

Beyond modern scientific classifications, ancestral communities often categorized earth elements based on their perceived effects and uses. A particular clay might be known for its cleansing action, another for its conditioning properties, and yet another for its ability to promote growth or protect against breakage. These classifications, though not adhering to Western scientific nomenclature, represent a deep, experiential understanding of the earth’s gifts.

They highlight a practical science, born of necessity and passed through generations, that directly addressed the needs of textured hair within its specific environment. This practical knowledge, woven into the fabric of daily life, stands as a testament to the enduring connection between human ingenuity and the natural world.

Ritual

As we move from the deep roots of elemental understanding, our focus turns to the living practices that have long shaped the care of textured hair. This section acknowledges a shared desire to nurture our coils and curls, stepping into a space where ancestral methods and contemporary applications meet with gentle guidance and a profound respect for tradition. It is here that the earth’s direct offerings, transformed through ritual, become tangible acts of strengthening and preservation. These are not mere steps in a routine; they are continuations of a rich heritage, each movement a silent conversation with those who came before us.

Hands gently melding earth elements in a clay bowl reveal a deep cultural ritual for preparing a natural clay treatment, offering an ancestral perspective on textured hair’s unique needs, bridging heritage with contemporary practices for holistic maintenance and optimal scalp health.

Clays from the Earth’s Embrace

Clays, born from volcanic ash and geological processes, stand as prominent examples of earth elements traditionally employed for hair strength. Their unique mineral compositions lend them properties that are particularly beneficial for textured hair.

Bentonite clay, often called “healing clay,” has been used for centuries in various cultures, including Iran and India, for its cosmetic and pharmaceutical benefits. For textured hair, this clay acts as a powerful detoxifier, drawing out impurities and product buildup from the scalp and strands. It also enhances moisture retention, defines curl patterns, and contributes to the overall strength of the hair shaft, helping to reduce breakage. Its rich mineral content, including calcium, magnesium, and iron, contributes to these fortifying effects.

When mixed with water, bentonite clay forms a paste that can clarify and moisturize, leaving hair soft and shiny. (HeyCurls, 2021; CMS Industries, 2025; Healthline, 2018; Regirl, 2021).

Another significant clay is Rhassoul clay, also known as Ghassoul, sourced from the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. For thousands of years, this fine, silky clay has been a central part of North African beauty rituals, including the hammam. Rich in silicon, potassium, and magnesium, rhassoul clay cleanses the skin and scalp gently yet deeply, without stripping natural oils. It is celebrated for its ability to purify, detoxify, and restructure hair, leading to thicker, shinier strands.

Its traditional application often involves mixing it with water to create a paste, sometimes combined with black soap or other botanical infusions. (BIOVIE, 2024; Helenatur, 2020; Argiletz, 2021).

Clays like bentonite and rhassoul, gifts from the earth, have long served as purifying and strengthening agents in the ancestral care of textured hair.
The artist's concentration is palpable as she translates vision into digital form, showcasing her coils that frame her face, and celebrating creativity, and the fusion of technology with artistic expression with coiled crown to signify her dedication to craft.

Botanical Powders from Earth’s Harvest

Beyond mineral clays, certain botanical powders, derived from plants that draw their sustenance directly from the earth, represent another vital category of earth elements in textured hair heritage. These powders embody the profound connection between the land and traditional healing.

Chebe powder, originating from Chad, Central Africa, holds a revered place in the hair care rituals of the Basara tribe. For generations, women have used this powder, made from the seeds of the Croton Zambesicus plant along with other natural components like cloves and Missic stone, to maintain exceptionally long and strong hair. The practice involves mixing the powder with oils or butters to form a paste, which is then applied to the hair to protect it and retain moisture.

This communal ritual, passed down through lineages, speaks to a holistic approach to hair care that prioritizes protection and strength, allowing hair to reach remarkable lengths. (Chebeauty, 2023; Chrisam Naturals, 2024; Omez Beauty Products, 2024; The Zoe Report, 2022).

In the Indian subcontinent, Amla powder, from the Indian Gooseberry, has been a cornerstone of Ayurvedic hair care for centuries. This fruit, rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids, is known to strengthen hair follicles, stimulate collagen production, and improve scalp circulation. Traditional uses include amla oil preparations, hair masks mixed with yogurt, and infusions used as rinses.

Amla’s ability to reduce hair fall, prevent premature graying, and promote thickness highlights its potent connection to earth-derived nutrients. (Cultivator, 2025; Bhumika Herbals, 2024; Organic Gyaan, 2023; Clinikally, 2023).

Similarly, Shikakai, meaning “fruit for hair,” is a traditional Indian herb that offers gentle cleansing properties without stripping natural oils. It is often used in powder form as a natural shampoo, containing vitamins C and D. Shikakai helps maintain the scalp’s pH balance, fights dandruff, and contributes to stronger, thicker hair.

Its historical use in combination with other herbs like amla and reetha underscores a comprehensive approach to hair health rooted in earth’s botanical offerings. (Last Forest, 2024; AYANAE, 2024; Karigai, 2023; Netmeds, 2022; Exotic Veda Organic Shikakai Powder Natural Hair Cleanser and Conditioner, Non-GMO, Herbal Formula for Strong, Shiny Hair, 100g, 2023).

Monochrome cells shimmer, mirroring the intricate beauty and careful preservation needed for textured hair wellness. The honeycomb's geometric strength parallels ancestral hair practices, advocating balanced care that honors heritage and fosters resilient follicular support

Historical Applications of Earth Elements in Hair Cleansing

The application of earth elements for cleansing is a practice as old as time, offering a gentle alternative to modern detergents.

  • African Black Soap ❉ This traditional soap from West Africa is made from the ash of various plant materials like plantain skins, cocoa pods, and shea tree bark, mixed with oils such as palm and coconut oil. Rich in minerals like potassium and magnesium, and vitamins A and E, it cleanses the scalp without stripping its natural nutrients, soothing irritation and promoting healthy growth. (Eka Naturals, 2024; By Nature Organic, 2023; Maicurls, 2019; EcoFreax, 2023).
  • Rhassoul Clay Washes ❉ As mentioned, rhassoul clay, with its natural saponins, has been used as a shampoo alternative in North Africa for millennia. It cleanses by absorbing impurities and excess sebum, leaving hair soft and voluminous. (BIOVIE, 2024; Helenatur, 2020; Argiletz, 2021).
  • Shikakai Pods ❉ The pods of the Shikakai plant, when dried and powdered, create a mild lather that traditionally cleanses hair, leaving it soft and shiny. This ancient practice predates the chemical shampoos prevalent today. (Last Forest, 2024; Karigai, 2023; Netmeds, 2022; Exotic Veda Organic Shikakai Powder Natural Hair Cleanser and Conditioner, Non-GMO, Herbal Formula for Strong, Shiny Hair, 100g, 2023).
The stark monochrome deepens the timeless feel as a child with intricately braided cornrows engages in creative expression, etching transient art into the beach’s canvas, reflecting ancestral links and a connection to elemental beauty and holistic experience.

The Unseen Element: Water and Its Role

While not a solid “earth element” in the typical sense, water, especially rainwater, held a significant place in ancestral hair care. Before industrialization altered its composition, rainwater was often preferred for washing hair due to its softness and lack of harsh minerals, which can build up on hair and lead to dryness or dullness. Many people in ancient times chose to wash their hair with rainwater, or even in rivers, a practice that diminished with the advent of water treatment and increased pollution (Hospital Capilar, 2020; Quora, 2019; Little Extra, 2023). This softer water allowed natural cleansers to work more effectively and left hair feeling cleaner and more supple, underscoring a subtle but powerful interaction with the environment that supported hair health.

Relay

We now arrive at a space where the elemental and the ancestral converge with a deeper, more reflective inquiry. How do these earth elements, long held in ancestral esteem, continue to shape not only the physical resilience of textured hair but also its profound role in cultural narratives and the unfolding future of hair traditions? This section invites a more sophisticated understanding, where scientific insight intertwines with historical wisdom, revealing the intricate connections that elevate hair care beyond mere routine to a living, breathing testament of identity and legacy.

Rosemary's potent antioxidants, celebrated across generations in hair traditions, are meticulously depicted, emphasizing its revitalizing properties to nourish and fortify textured hair, connecting cultural heritage with holistic care for enduring strength and luster, embodying time-honored wellness.

Micro-Mineral Interactions and Hair’s Integrity

The strength of a single strand of textured hair, with its unique helical structure and often tighter curl patterns, is a marvel of biological engineering. At a microscopic level, the integrity of the hair shaft relies on a complex interplay of proteins, lipids, and trace minerals. While direct absorption of macro-minerals from topical clay applications into the hair’s cortex remains a subject of ongoing study, the historical and anecdotal evidence points to significant surface-level and scalp benefits that contribute to overall hair health and perceived strength.

Consider the role of minerals like calcium, magnesium, and silicon, which are present in various earth clays. Bentonite clay, for instance, contains calcium, magnesium, and iron. These minerals, when part of a clay mask, are thought to contribute to a healthier scalp environment by drawing out impurities and balancing pH, thereby indirectly supporting the growth of stronger hair from the follicle.

Silicon, a component of rhassoul clay, is known to support collagen synthesis, a protein that lends elasticity and strength to hair. While its direct absorption into the hair shaft from topical application requires further research, the traditional use of such clays suggests an observed benefit in hair’s appearance and feel.

Moreover, the cation exchange capacity of certain clays, like bentonite, allows them to attract and bind positively charged toxins and heavy metals from the hair and scalp. This cleansing action, without stripping the hair of its natural oils, leaves the hair cuticle smoother and less prone to tangling and breakage, thus enhancing its perceived strength and manageability. This ancient cleansing wisdom finds resonance in modern understanding of scalp health as a foundation for hair vitality.

The photograph explores the use of rice grains, highlighting their inherent qualities conducive to holistic wellness, invoking notions of ancestral heritage and the rich benefits of natural elements present in wellness treatments that could support the essence of natural hair.

Does the Earth’s Mineral Content Directly Alter Hair Structure?

The question of whether earth’s mineral content directly alters hair’s internal structure is complex. Hair, once grown from the follicle, is biologically inert. Its strength is largely determined by its genetic blueprint and the health of the follicle during its growth phase. However, the external environment and topical applications play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the existing hair shaft.

Earth elements, particularly clays and certain botanical powders, contribute to this external protection and maintenance. They can coat the hair, smooth the cuticle, and provide a barrier against environmental damage, all of which contribute to reducing breakage and maintaining the hair’s perceived strength and length retention. This protective layer, while not changing the hair’s internal biology, significantly impacts its longevity and appearance.

For instance, the fatty acids and proteins in Chebe powder, derived from the earth-grown Croton Zambesicus plant, help to retain moisture and strengthen the hair’s external structure, protecting it from breakage. This protection, over time, allows textured hair to retain its length, a traditional marker of hair health and beauty in the Basara culture (Chebeauty, 2023; Chrisam Naturals, 2024).

This striking visual evokes the raw, natural ingredients often at the heart of time-honored hair practices. From ancestral wisdom to modern holistic care, the image celebrates the rich heritage and nurturing traditions that fortify textured hair through generations of community

Ancestral Practices Validated by Modern Understanding

The practices of our ancestors, often dismissed as folklore by early Western science, are increasingly being validated through contemporary research. The application of mineral-rich clays or botanical powders was not simply ritualistic; it was often rooted in observable outcomes that modern science can now begin to explain.

For example, the traditional use of African Black Soap for cleansing hair, made from plantain skins and cocoa pods (rich in potassium and magnesium), aligns with modern understanding of pH balance and gentle cleansing. The alkaline nature of raw black soap, when diluted or combined with acidic rinses (a common practice), helps to lift dirt and impurities while the subsequent acidic rinse helps to reseal the cuticle, leaving hair soft and manageable. This traditional wisdom demonstrates an intuitive grasp of hair chemistry long before laboratories existed.

A significant example lies in the historical use of various elements for scalp health. A healthy scalp is the bedrock of strong hair. Many earth-derived ingredients, such as Amla and Shikakai, possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. These properties, now confirmed by scientific studies, would have been invaluable in preventing scalp infections and dandruff, thereby fostering an environment conducive to healthy hair growth.

Amla’s high vitamin C content, for example, stimulates collagen production, which is essential for healthy hair follicles and growth (Amla Powder for Hair Growth: Benefits & How to Use it, 2023). This ancient understanding of scalp vitality as directly linked to hair strength is a powerful testament to ancestral wisdom.

Ancestral hair practices, once viewed as mere tradition, now find validation in modern scientific understanding, bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary knowledge.
Drawing from ancient sources, the individual with coiled hair evokes ancestral ties to natural elements, reflecting a holistic approach to self-care deeply rooted in heritage, celebrating the enduring connection between water, wellness, and textured hair traditions through gentle replenishing rituals.

Cultural Context and the Legacy of Care

The use of earth elements for hair strength extends beyond mere biological function; it is deeply interwoven with the cultural fabric and heritage of Black and mixed-race communities. Hair, in many of these cultures, is not simply an adornment; it is a spiritual conduit, a symbol of identity, status, and connection to ancestry. The elements chosen for its care, therefore, carry symbolic weight.

The ritual of preparing and applying these earth-derived mixtures was often a communal act, particularly among women. This collective care reinforced bonds, transmitted knowledge, and served as a powerful expression of self-worth and communal identity. The selection of specific clays or plant powders was often tied to local availability, but also to inherited wisdom and a reverence for the land that provided these gifts. This cultural embeddedness means that understanding what earth elements support textured hair’s strength is also about honoring a legacy of self-care, community building, and resilience in the face of historical challenges.

The portrait captures the child's quiet strength and innocence, drawing attention to the inherent beauty of her tightly coiled texture and styling, celebrating ancestral hair heritage and embracing a conscious connection between personal expression, hair wellness, and cultural identity. The timeless monochrome palette amplifies the emotive impact

How Does Ancestral Knowledge Inform Future Hair Science?

The ancestral knowledge surrounding earth elements and textured hair offers a rich reservoir for future scientific inquiry. Instead of simply seeking to validate old practices, modern hair science can draw inspiration from them, identifying novel compounds, exploring synergistic effects of traditional ingredient combinations, and developing sustainable, earth-conscious hair care solutions. The deep history of use provides a valuable starting point for targeted research into specific mineral-hair interactions or the long-term benefits of certain botanical extracts. This collaborative spirit, where ancestral wisdom guides scientific curiosity, holds the potential to unlock new frontiers in textured hair care, always rooted in a profound respect for heritage.

Reflection

The journey through the earth elements that support textured hair’s strength is a profound meditation on heritage itself. Each clay, each botanical powder, each drop of soft water, carries not only its chemical composition but also the resonant echoes of hands that have cared for coils and curls through generations. Our textured hair, a living archive, continues to tell a story of resilience, beauty, and an unbroken connection to the land that sustained our ancestors.

It is a reminder that the most potent wisdom often lies in the simple, yet powerful, gifts of the earth, honored and applied with intention. As we continue to care for our strands, we are not just nourishing hair; we are tending to a legacy, ensuring the Soul of a Strand continues its vibrant, storied relay for all who come after us.

References

  • Alopecia and Beyond. (2024, March 14). The Benefits of Iron For Hair Growth. Holistic Hair Loss Clinic.
  • Argiletz. (2021). Ghassoul clay: benefits and uses in beauty care.
  • AYANAE. (2024, August 29). Powerful African and Asian Herbs for Hair Growth: Nature’s Remedies fo.
  • Bhumika Herbals. (2024, May 14). Amla Powder for Hair – Benefits, Uses, and Hair Growth Tips.
  • BIOVIE. (2024). What are the benefits of rhassoul clay?
  • Chebeauty. (2023, December 22). The Magic of Chebe Powder: A Guide to Stronger, Longer Hair.
  • Chrisam Naturals. (2024, November 7). Chebe Powder for Hair Growth and Health.
  • Clinikally. (2023, January 30). Top 5 Benefits of Amla for Hair Growth.
  • CMS Industries. (2025, February 5). Amazing Benefits of Bentonite Clay on 4C Hair.
  • Cultivator. (2025, February 28). The Ancient History of Amla: Hair Growth Secrets.
  • Eka Naturals. (2024). Black Soap Shampoo (250ml).
  • EcoFreax. (2023, August 24). African Black Soap: The Natural Wonder for Skin and Hair.
  • Exotic Veda Organic Shikakai Powder Natural Hair Cleanser and Conditioner, Non-GMO, Herbal Formula for Strong, Shiny Hair, 100g. (2023). Amazon.com.
  • Healthline. (2018, March 29). Bentonite Clay for Hair: Benefits, How to Use, Mask Recipe.
  • Helenatur. (2020, March 5). Rhassoul clay.
  • HeyCurls. (2021, September 1). 6 Amazing Bentonite Clay Hair Benefits & How To Use It.
  • Hospital Capilar. (2020). Is the rain bad for the hair? | All the information.
  • Karigai. (2023). Shikakai Herbal Hair Wash (250 g).
  • Last Forest. (2024). Hair Wash ❉ Shikakai Vetiver.
  • Little Extra. (2023, June 21). Rainwater: Beneficial or Harmful for Your Hair?
  • Maicurls. (2019, March 22). DIY African Black Soap Shampoo (Liquid).
  • Netmeds. (2022, January 8). Shikakai: Incredible Uses of This Potent Ayurvedic Herb For Hair And Skin.
  • Omez Beauty Products. (2024, August 2). The History and Origins of Chebe Powder for Hair Care.
  • Organic Gyaan. (2023, September 25). Amla Powder for Hair Growth: Benefits & How to Use it.
  • Philip Kingsley. (2021, December 31). Anaemia (Iron Deficiency) & Hair Loss/Thinning.
  • Quora. (2019, November 23). Why does rain water make hair healthy?
  • Regirl. (2021, October 10). Bentonite Clay For Natural Hair: Benefits, How to Use, and DIY Mask Recipe.
  • The Zoe Report. (2022, May 14). Chébé Powder’s Ancient Roots Could Be The Key To Long, Strong Hair.

Glossary

North African

Meaning ❉ North African hair, within textured hair understanding, speaks to a beautiful spectrum of hair phenotypes, often displaying a distinct range of curl patterns, from gentle waves to defined coils.

African Black Soap

Meaning ❉ African Black Soap, known as Alata Samina in Ghana or Ose Dudu in Nigeria, represents a venerable cleansing tradition from West Africa, formulated from a unique combination of plantain skins, cocoa pods, shea tree bark, and palm leaves, carefully sun-dried and roasted into ash, then combined with natural oils.

Earth-Derived Minerals

Meaning ❉ Earth-Derived Minerals refer to the foundational, inorganic elements sourced directly from the earth's crust, holding a quiet yet significant role in the holistic care of textured hair, particularly for Black and mixed-race hair types.

Earth Pigment Hair

Meaning ❉ Earth Pigment Hair refers to the process of tinting hair using finely ground minerals, clays, and specific plant-derived substances found in nature.

Mineral Content

Meaning ❉ Mineral content, in the gentle world of textured hair care, refers to the inorganic elements present within the hair strands themselves, or significantly, within the water that graces our coils and kinks.

Hair Shaft

Meaning ❉ The hair shaft serves as the visible, graceful extension of our scalp, the very portion we admire and tend to daily.

Earth Elements

Meaning ❉ Earth Elements, within the Roothea lens of textured hair wisdom, signify the foundational, unshakeable truths that underpin consistent care and enduring hair vitality for Black and mixed-race hair.

Earth-Based Products

Meaning ❉ Earth-Based Products whisper to the spirit of textured hair, offering gentle sustenance directly from our planet's generous bounty.

Earth Shield

Meaning ❉ "Earth Shield" within the Roothea framework represents a foundational principle for textured hair vitality, acting as a gentle, yet robust, protective layer.

Earth-Derived Beauty

Meaning ❉ Earth-Derived Beauty signifies a purposeful alignment with nature's offerings for hair well-being, particularly for coily, kinky, and wavy textures.