Roots
To stand upon the earth and feel the whispers of generations past in the very strands that crown our heads: this is the starting point for understanding the cultural significance of ancestral hair care ingredients for textured hair heritage. It is a dialogue with time, a recognition that the oils, butters, and herbs once tended to by our foremothers were not merely cosmetic aids. They were conduits of knowledge, carriers of communal memory, and silent affirmations of identity, particularly for those whose lineage winds through the vibrant, complex narrative of Black and mixed-race experiences.
The very structure of textured hair, with its unique coil patterns and cuticle configurations, tells a story of adaptation and resilience. These curls, often tightly wound, possess a natural inclination towards dryness due to the journey natural oils must undertake from scalp to tip. This biological reality, far from being a deficit, spurred ingenuity and a profound connection to the earth’s offerings.
Our ancestors, keenly attuned to the rhythms of their environments, sought remedies and nourishment from the plants and resources around them. These ingredients, then, became the language through which they spoke to their hair, a language passed down through touch, observation, and shared practice.
Ancestral hair care ingredients are not simply topical applications; they represent a living lexicon of historical knowledge and communal care.
Hair Anatomy and Textured Hair Physiology
The architecture of textured hair, from the tight spirals of coily strands to the gentle undulations of wavy patterns, presents a distinct physiological profile. Unlike straight hair, which typically has a round cross-section, textured hair often exhibits an elliptical or flattened cross-section. This shape, combined with the way the hair grows in a helical pattern, means that the cuticle layers, which act as the hair’s protective outer shield, are more prone to lifting.
When cuticles are raised, moisture can escape more readily, contributing to dryness and vulnerability to breakage. This inherent characteristic made ancestral care practices, focused on deep hydration and sealing, particularly relevant.
Furthermore, the density of hair follicles can vary among different hair types. People of African descent, for instance, tend to have fewer hair follicles than those of European descent, which can contribute to the appearance of less density on the scalp, even with abundant hair strands. This anatomical reality underscored the importance of practices that promoted scalp health and minimized breakage, ensuring each strand was cherished and protected.
Ancestral Understanding of Hair Structure
While ancient communities did not possess electron microscopes to study hair at a cellular level, their observational wisdom was profound. They understood the hair’s propensity for dryness and its need for fortification. This understanding guided their selection of ingredients ❉ rich butters, potent oils, and soothing botanicals ❉ that intuitively addressed these needs. The application of these elements was not random; it was a ritual informed by generations of practical knowledge, recognizing that hair, like a precious plant, required consistent, mindful nourishment to flourish.
Textured Hair Classification Systems and Their Cultural Roots
Modern hair classification systems, such as the widely recognized Andre Walker typing system (1A to 4C), aim to categorize hair based on its curl pattern. While these systems offer a convenient shorthand for describing texture, it is crucial to consider their relatively recent origins and how they sometimes inadvertently flatten the rich, diverse spectrum of textured hair. Historically, the nuances of hair texture were understood not through a numerical or alphabetical code, but through their connection to lineage, community, and personal journey.
In many pre-colonial African societies, hair types were inherently understood within the context of tribal identity and geographic origin. The intricate variations in curl, coil, and wave were recognized as part of a collective identity, not as a hierarchy. This perspective stands in contrast to later periods, particularly during and after the transatlantic slave trade, where Eurocentric beauty standards began to impose a discriminatory lens, valuing straighter hair textures over kinkier ones.
This shift introduced the concept of “good hair” versus “bad hair,” a painful legacy that continues to influence perceptions within some communities. (Banks, 2000)
Hair as a Social Marker in Pre-Colonial Africa
In pre-colonial Africa, hair served as a sophisticated visual language. Styles and their inherent textures conveyed a person’s age, marital status, social standing, religious affiliation, and even tribal identity. For example, the Yoruba people of Nigeria crafted elaborate hairdos that reflected their beliefs and traditions.
A young Wolof girl in the Medieval African period might partially shave her head to signal she was not of marrying age. (Johnson & Bankhead, 2014) The very way hair was styled and maintained was a public declaration of one’s place in the communal fabric.
The Essential Lexicon of Textured Hair
The language we use to speak of textured hair has evolved, mirroring societal shifts and the reclaiming of heritage. Beyond scientific terms, there are words that carry the weight of cultural experience and ancestral practice.
- Coil ❉ A tightly wound spiral pattern, often seen in Type 4 hair, which requires significant moisture.
- Kink ❉ A sharp bend or zig-zag pattern in the hair strand, characteristic of some highly textured hair, making it prone to tangling.
- Locs ❉ A protective style formed by matting sections of hair, holding deep spiritual and cultural significance for many, with roots in ancient African practices.
- Canerows ❉ An ancestral term for cornrows, referring to tightly braided rows that lie flat against the scalp, often used as a means of encoding messages during the transatlantic slave trade.
These terms, some ancient, some newly reclaimed, form the vocabulary of textured hair care, connecting modern practices to a deep, living past.
Hair Growth Cycles and Influencing Factors
The hair growth cycle, comprising anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (resting) phases, is a universal biological process. However, factors such as genetics, nutrition, and environmental conditions significantly influence this cycle. Ancestral communities, living in close harmony with their surroundings, instinctively understood the interplay of these elements on hair health.
Nutritional wisdom, passed down through generations, often included diets rich in vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats that supported robust hair growth. Foods like leafy greens, root vegetables, and natural oils were not only dietary staples but also hair fortifiers. Beyond diet, environmental factors such as sun exposure and arid climates necessitated protective measures and ingredients that could shield hair from damage. The Himba tribe in Namibia, for example, traditionally uses a mixture of clay and cow fat, known as otjize, to coat their hair.
This practice offers protection from the sun and aids in detangling, symbolizing their connection to the earth and their ancestors. (Sherrow, 2023) This historical example illuminates how ancestral ingredients were not merely for aesthetic appeal but were integral to protecting hair from environmental stressors, thus preserving its vitality and length.
The ingenuity of ancestral hair care practices reflects a profound understanding of hair’s biological needs, harmonized with environmental wisdom.
Ritual
Stepping into the space of ancestral hair care rituals is to acknowledge a legacy of profound connection, where each application and every styling choice carries the echoes of those who came before us. It is not merely about applying ingredients; it is about engaging in a practice that has sustained identity and beauty through time, a practical knowledge shaped by generations and rooted in shared experience. The techniques and methods employed in caring for textured hair, informed by ancient wisdom, reveal a continuity that transcends eras, guiding us with gentle purpose toward a deeper appreciation of our hair’s inherent splendor.
The hands that braided, the bowls that held rich butters, the songs that accompanied these acts ❉ all were part of a sacred routine. These rituals were communal, social events, often strengthening bonds between mothers and daughters, sisters, and friends. Hair became a site of intergenerational teaching, where knowledge of plants, styling techniques, and the cultural meaning of each strand was passed down.
Protective Styling Encyclopedia and Ancestral Roots
Protective styles, a cornerstone of textured hair care today, are far from a modern invention. Their roots stretch back through millennia, deeply embedded in African cultures. These styles, designed to shield hair from manipulation and environmental exposure, minimized breakage and supported length retention.
The practice of braiding, for instance, was a widespread and highly sophisticated art form across pre-colonial Africa. Cornrows, known in some regions as canerows, were not only practical for managing hair but also served as intricate maps or encoded messages during times of enslavement, guiding paths to freedom. (Cripps-Jackson, 2020) This historical context elevates protective styling beyond mere aesthetics; it becomes a powerful act of resistance and preservation of cultural heritage.
Braiding as a Language of Heritage
Braiding techniques varied significantly across African ethnic groups, each carrying distinct symbolic meanings.
- Yoruba Braids ❉ Often elaborate and symbolic, reflecting community roles and spiritual beliefs.
- Fulani Braids ❉ Characterized by a central braid, often adorned with beads and cowrie shells, signifying status and tribal identity.
- Bantu Knots ❉ A method of coiling hair into small, tight buns, a versatile style that also served as a precursor for wavy or curly hair.
These styles were not simply about appearance; they were living archives of history, community, and personal narratives.
Natural Styling and Definition Techniques
The pursuit of definition and vibrancy in textured hair has always been a central aspect of its care. Ancestral practices leaned heavily on natural ingredients to enhance curl patterns and maintain the hair’s inherent beauty. Oils and butters were regularly applied to hydrate and define, while specific manipulation techniques coaxed the hair into its desired form.
For example, the widespread use of shea butter (from the nuts of the shea tree) in West Africa speaks to its deeply moisturizing and protective properties. For centuries, women used shea butter to keep hair soft, prevent dryness, and shield it from harsh environmental conditions. (Euromonitor.com, 2023) Similarly, coconut oil, popular in various African and Indian heritages, has been used for its ability to penetrate the hair shaft, providing deep nourishment and reducing protein loss.
(Phong et al. 2022) These ingredients, often applied with specific finger coiling or twisting methods, worked in harmony with the hair’s natural tendencies.
Wigs and Hair Extensions Mastery
The artistry of hair manipulation extends to the creation and adornment of wigs and extensions, practices with deep historical roots. In ancient Egypt, for instance, ornate wigs adorned with gold and beads were not only fashion statements but also symbols of sophistication and status. (Kenra Professional, 2023) These were often crafted from human hair, plant fibers, or wool, demonstrating an early mastery of hair augmentation.
Hair extensions, too, have a long history, allowing for varied styles and protective measures. In many African cultures, hair was extended using natural fibers, threads, or even human hair from family members, a practice that underscored communal bonds and the sacredness of hair. This mastery of hair addition provided versatility and allowed for complex, symbolic styles that might not have been achievable with natural hair length alone, reflecting both artistic expression and practical ingenuity.
Heat Styling and Thermal Reconditioning
While modern heat styling tools present their own set of challenges, the concept of using heat to alter hair texture has historical precedents, albeit with different methods and outcomes. In the 19th and early 20th centuries in the African American community, makeshift tools like metal hot combs, heated on stoves, were used to straighten hair. (Cripps-Jackson, 2020) This practice, while providing a temporary alteration, often came with risks of damage and discomfort.
The advent of these tools was, in part, a response to societal pressures and Eurocentric beauty standards that favored straight hair. The tension between traditional hair textures and imposed ideals highlights a complex chapter in textured hair heritage. Understanding this history reminds us of the resilience required to maintain one’s identity in the face of such pressures, and the continuous journey toward celebrating the hair in its natural state.
The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit
The tools used in ancestral hair care were as vital as the ingredients themselves, each designed with an understanding of textured hair’s unique characteristics.
The creation of these tools was an act of cultural preservation, a demonstration of ingenuity in adapting available resources to meet specific hair care needs. They represent a tangible link to the practical wisdom of our ancestors, providing a foundation for the hair care practices we observe today.
Hair styling and care rituals are not mere routines; they are a continuous conversation with heritage, shaping identity through practiced hands and shared wisdom.
Relay
How does the profound resonance of ancestral hair care ingredients continue to shape our contemporary narratives and future hair traditions? This deeper inquiry invites us into a space where the elemental biology of hair, the nuanced understanding of historical practices, and the ongoing dialogue of identity converge. Here, the wisdom of generations past does not merely inform; it actively participates in the ongoing story of textured hair, providing profound insight into its enduring spirit and the intricate details that continue to unfold. The connection between science, culture, and heritage becomes undeniably clear, a testament to the sophisticated understanding cultivated over centuries.
The relay of knowledge, from elder to youth, from tradition to innovation, has kept these practices alive. It is a testament to the resilience of cultural memory, surviving displacements, societal pressures, and the relentless march of modernity. This ongoing exchange ensures that the deep wisdom embedded in ancestral ingredients remains a vibrant force, influencing how we approach holistic well-being and problem-solving for textured hair today.
Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
The concept of a personalized hair regimen, tailored to individual needs, is a modern ideal that finds its echoes in ancestral wisdom. While formal “regimens” as we understand them today did not exist, traditional hair care was inherently customized. Ancestors observed their hair, its response to various plants, and the environmental conditions, adapting their practices accordingly. This observational, adaptive approach forms the true heritage of personalized care.
Today, this means selecting ingredients that align with both the hair’s unique biological requirements and an individual’s heritage preferences. For example, understanding that textured hair is prone to dryness due to its coiled structure naturally leads to the selection of highly moisturizing ingredients. This scientific understanding validates the historical reliance on rich emollients.
How Does Ancestral Wisdom Inform Modern Hair Choices?
Ancestral wisdom offers a guiding hand in navigating the vast array of modern hair care options.
- Ingredient Selection ❉ Traditional ingredients like shea butter, coconut oil, and aloe vera were chosen for their demonstrable benefits ❉ moisture retention, scalp soothing, and strengthening. Modern science often validates these traditional uses.
- Mindful Application ❉ The deliberate, often communal, application of ancestral remedies promoted a deeper connection to self and community. This contrasts with a purely transactional view of hair care.
- Protective Measures ❉ The historical emphasis on protective styles and covering hair (like head wraps) speaks to an understanding of minimizing environmental damage, a principle still relevant today.
These historical insights provide a framework for contemporary personalized regimens, grounding them in a legacy of intentional and effective care.
The Nighttime Sanctuary: Essential Sleep Protection and Bonnet Wisdom
The practice of protecting hair during sleep is a crucial element of textured hair care, preventing friction, tangling, and moisture loss. The wisdom of covering hair at night, often with silk or satin fabrics, is not a new concept but one with deep roots in ancestral practices. While the precise materials may have varied historically, the underlying principle of preservation remained constant.
In many African cultures, head wraps and coverings were not only adornments or signs of status but also practical tools for protecting hair from the elements and during rest. This “bonnet wisdom” carries a legacy of care and resourcefulness, a quiet ritual performed at the close of each day to safeguard the hair’s vitality. It represents a continuity of knowledge that recognizes the hair’s vulnerability and the simple, yet profound, act of safeguarding it.
Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
The efficacy of ancestral hair care ingredients for textured hair lies in their inherent properties, many of which are now understood through modern scientific lenses.
Shea Butter
Derived from the nuts of the African shea tree, shea butter has been a cornerstone of West African hair care for centuries. Its composition, rich in vitamins A and E, and essential fatty acids, makes it an exceptional emollient. It works by forming a protective barrier on the hair shaft, sealing in moisture and protecting against environmental stressors.
This barrier helps to reduce water loss, which is particularly beneficial for textured hair prone to dryness. (Euromonitor.com, 2023)
Coconut Oil
A staple in many African and Indian hair traditions, coconut oil stands out due to its unique molecular structure. Its lauric acid content allows it to penetrate the hair shaft more deeply than many other oils, reducing protein loss and strengthening the hair from within. This deep penetration provides lasting moisture and helps to prevent breakage, a common concern for textured hair.
(Phong et al. 2022)
Chebe Powder
Originating from the Basara Arab women of Chad, chebe powder is a traditional remedy made from a blend of natural herbs, seeds, and plants. Its primary function is not to stimulate growth from the scalp but to retain length by preventing breakage and locking in moisture. When mixed with oils or butters and applied to the hair, it strengthens the hair shaft, reduces split ends, and improves elasticity, allowing hair to grow longer over time without breaking off. (Chebe Powder, 2025) This traditional method exemplifies a sophisticated understanding of hair health, focusing on length retention through fortification.
Textured Hair Problem Solving Compendium
Many common textured hair concerns, such as dryness, breakage, and scalp irritation, have been addressed by ancestral practices long before the advent of modern dermatological solutions. The solutions often lay in the thoughtful application of natural ingredients and a holistic approach to well-being.
For dryness and breakage, the consistent use of rich oils and butters, as seen with shea butter and coconut oil, provided vital moisture and a protective seal. Scalp health was maintained through herbal rinses and gentle massages, often using ingredients like aloe vera for its soothing properties. The knowledge of these ingredients, passed down through generations, allowed communities to address hair challenges with remedies sourced directly from their environment.
For example, in the Caribbean, Afro-Indigenous gardens often incorporated plants with medicinal properties, and this ethnobotanical knowledge was passed down generationally. (Conjure Feminism, 2025) This speaks to a comprehensive understanding of plant uses, extending beyond just hair to overall health, which in turn contributed to hair vitality.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
The connection between overall well-being and hair health is a concept deeply embedded in ancestral wellness philosophies. Hair was not viewed in isolation but as an integral part of the body, reflecting one’s inner state and spiritual alignment. This holistic perspective meant that hair care was often intertwined with diet, spiritual practices, and communal living.
In many African cultures, hair was believed to hold spiritual powers and connect individuals to their ancestors and the divine. (Oforiwa, 2023) This belief elevated hair care beyond mere grooming; it became a sacred ritual, a form of self-reverence. The communal aspects of hair styling, where stories were shared and bonds strengthened, also contributed to mental and emotional well-being, which indirectly supported hair health. This interconnectedness highlights a profound legacy where hair care was a reflection of a balanced life, lived in harmony with nature and community.
The enduring power of ancestral ingredients lies in their ability to provide both physical nourishment and a profound connection to cultural identity and collective well-being.
Relay
How does the profound resonance of ancestral hair care ingredients continue to shape our contemporary narratives and future hair traditions? This deeper inquiry invites us into a space where the elemental biology of hair, the nuanced understanding of historical practices, and the ongoing dialogue of identity converge. Here, the wisdom of generations past does not merely inform; it actively participates in the ongoing story of textured hair, providing profound insight into its enduring spirit and the intricate details that continue to unfold. The connection between science, culture, and heritage becomes undeniably clear, a testament to the sophisticated understanding cultivated over centuries.
The relay of knowledge, from elder to youth, from tradition to innovation, has kept these practices alive. It is a testament to the resilience of cultural memory, surviving displacements, societal pressures, and the relentless march of modernity. This ongoing exchange ensures that the deep wisdom embedded in ancestral ingredients remains a vibrant force, influencing how we approach holistic well-being and problem-solving for textured hair today.
Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
The concept of a personalized hair regimen, tailored to individual needs, is a modern ideal that finds its echoes in ancestral wisdom. While formal “regimens” as we understand them today did not exist, traditional hair care was inherently customized. Ancestors observed their hair, its response to various plants, and the environmental conditions, adapting their practices accordingly. This observational, adaptive approach forms the true heritage of personalized care.
Today, this means selecting ingredients that align with both the hair’s unique biological requirements and an individual’s heritage preferences. For example, understanding that textured hair is prone to dryness due to its coiled structure naturally leads to the selection of highly moisturizing ingredients. This scientific understanding validates the historical reliance on rich emollients.
How Does Ancestral Wisdom Inform Modern Hair Choices?
Ancestral wisdom offers a guiding hand in navigating the vast array of modern hair care options.
- Ingredient Selection ❉ Traditional ingredients like shea butter, coconut oil, and aloe vera were chosen for their demonstrable benefits ❉ moisture retention, scalp soothing, and strengthening. Modern science often validates these traditional uses.
- Mindful Application ❉ The deliberate, often communal, application of ancestral remedies promoted a deeper connection to self and community. This contrasts with a purely transactional view of hair care.
- Protective Measures ❉ The historical emphasis on protective styles and covering hair (like head wraps) speaks to an understanding of minimizing environmental damage, a principle still relevant today.
These historical insights provide a framework for contemporary personalized regimens, grounding them in a legacy of intentional and effective care.
The Nighttime Sanctuary: Essential Sleep Protection and Bonnet Wisdom
The practice of protecting hair during sleep is a crucial element of textured hair care, preventing friction, tangling, and moisture loss. The wisdom of covering hair at night, often with silk or satin fabrics, is not a new concept but one with deep roots in ancestral practices. While the precise materials may have varied historically, the underlying principle of preservation remained constant.
In many African cultures, head wraps and coverings were not only adornments or signs of status but also practical tools for protecting hair from the elements and during rest. This “bonnet wisdom” carries a legacy of care and resourcefulness, a quiet ritual performed at the close of each day to safeguard the hair’s vitality. It represents a continuity of knowledge that recognizes the hair’s vulnerability and the simple, yet profound, act of safeguarding it.
Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
The efficacy of ancestral hair care ingredients for textured hair lies in their inherent properties, many of which are now understood through modern scientific lenses.
Shea Butter
Derived from the nuts of the African shea tree, shea butter has been a cornerstone of West African hair care for centuries. Its composition, rich in vitamins A and E, and essential fatty acids, makes it an exceptional emollient. It works by forming a protective barrier on the hair shaft, sealing in moisture and protecting against environmental stressors.
This barrier helps to reduce water loss, which is particularly beneficial for textured hair prone to dryness. (Euromonitor.com, 2023)
Coconut Oil
A staple in many African and Indian hair traditions, coconut oil stands out due to its unique molecular structure. Its lauric acid content allows it to penetrate the hair shaft more deeply than many other oils, reducing protein loss and strengthening the hair from within. This deep penetration provides lasting moisture and helps to prevent breakage, a common concern for textured hair.
(Phong et al. 2022)
Chebe Powder
Originating from the Basara Arab women of Chad, chebe powder is a traditional remedy made from a blend of natural herbs, seeds, and plants. Its primary function is not to stimulate growth from the scalp but to retain length by preventing breakage and locking in moisture. When mixed with oils or butters and applied to the hair, it strengthens the hair shaft, reduces split ends, and improves elasticity, allowing hair to grow longer over time without breaking off. (Chebe Powder, 2025) This traditional method exemplifies a sophisticated understanding of hair health, focusing on length retention through fortification.
Textured Hair Problem Solving Compendium
Many common textured hair concerns, such as dryness, breakage, and scalp irritation, have been addressed by ancestral practices long before the advent of modern dermatological solutions. The solutions often lay in the thoughtful application of natural ingredients and a holistic approach to well-being.
For dryness and breakage, the consistent use of rich oils and butters, as seen with shea butter and coconut oil, provided vital moisture and a protective seal. Scalp health was maintained through herbal rinses and gentle massages, often using ingredients like aloe vera for its soothing properties. The knowledge of these ingredients, passed down through generations, allowed communities to address hair challenges with remedies sourced directly from their environment.
For example, in the Caribbean, Afro-Indigenous gardens often incorporated plants with medicinal properties, and this ethnobotanical knowledge was passed down generationally. (Conjure Feminism, 2025) This speaks to a comprehensive understanding of plant uses, extending beyond just hair to overall health, which in turn contributed to hair vitality.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
The connection between overall well-being and hair health is a concept deeply embedded in ancestral wellness philosophies. Hair was not viewed in isolation but as an integral part of the body, reflecting one’s inner state and spiritual alignment. This holistic perspective meant that hair care was often intertwined with diet, spiritual practices, and communal living.
In many African cultures, hair was believed to hold spiritual powers and connect individuals to their ancestors and the divine. (Oforiwa, 2023) This belief elevated hair care beyond mere grooming; it became a sacred ritual, a form of self-reverence. The communal aspects of hair styling, where stories were shared and bonds strengthened, also contributed to mental and emotional well-being, which indirectly supported hair health. This interconnectedness highlights a profound legacy where hair care was a reflection of a balanced life, lived in harmony with nature and community.
The enduring power of ancestral ingredients lies in their ability to provide both physical nourishment and a profound connection to cultural identity and collective well-being.
Reflection
The journey through the cultural significance of ancestral hair care ingredients for textured hair heritage is a testament to an enduring spirit. It is a story not confined to history books, but one that breathes in every strand, every ritual, every choice made in the present moment. The “Soul of a Strand” ethos speaks to this living archive, where the resilience of textured hair mirrors the resilience of a people who have consistently found ways to affirm their identity and beauty against tides of oppression and assimilation.
The ancestral ingredients are more than compounds; they are carriers of a profound wisdom, whispers from the earth and from generations who understood hair as a sacred extension of self, community, and spirit. This heritage, rich with ingenuity and profound connection, continues to guide, to inspire, and to ground the textured hair journey in a timeless narrative of self-acceptance and radiant authenticity.
References
- Banks, I. (2000). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
- Chebe Powder. (2025). The History of Chebe Powder: An Ancient African Hair Secret for Hair Growth.
- Conjure Feminism. (2025). Miami’s Conjure Feminism: Afro-Indigeneity and the Struggle for Property.
- Cripps-Jackson, S. (2020). The History of Textured Hair. Colleen.
- Euromonitor.com. (2023). African Beauty Trends: Opportunities for Beauty & Ingredient Players.
- Johnson, T. A. & Bankhead, T. (2014). Examining the Experiences of Black Women with Natural Hair. CUNY Academic Works.
- Kenra Professional. (2023). The History of Haircare: How Past Practices Shape Modern Routines.
- Oforiwa, A. (2023). The History and Culture of African Natural Hair: From Ancient Times to Modern Trends. AMAKA Studio.
- Phong, C. Lee, V. Yale, K. Sung, C. & Mesinkovska, N. (2022). Coconut, Castor, and Argan Oil for Hair in Skin of Color Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology.
- Sherrow, V. (2023). An Exploration of the Cultural Symbolism of Some Indigenous Cosmetic Hair Variants in the Dormaa Traditional Area, Ghana. African Journal of Applied Research.