
Roots
For those who have walked the path of textured hair, the story of its care is often one whispered through generations, a legacy of knowledge held close, passed hand to hand. It is a narrative shaped by ancestral wisdom, by the earth’s offerings, and by the resilience etched into every curl, coil, and wave. When we consider argan oil, it is not merely a substance, but a deep echo from the past, a living testament to the enduring heritage of hair care within Black and mixed-race communities.
This golden elixir, born of the ancient argan tree in southwestern Morocco, carries within its very composition the story of a people, their ingenuity, and their profound connection to the land. Its journey from kernel to strand is a ritual of continuity, reflecting centuries of practices that honored hair not simply as adornment, but as a vibrant extension of identity and spirit.

Hair Anatomy and Textured Hair Physiology
The distinct structural characteristics of textured hair—its elliptical cross-section, the unique distribution of disulfide bonds, and its varying curl patterns—make it susceptible to dryness and breakage. These inherent qualities, while beautiful, demand a particular kind of care, one that traditional practices, often featuring ingredients like argan oil, have long provided. Argan oil, rich in essential fatty acids, vitamin E, and antioxidants, offers a natural shield, helping to fortify the hair shaft and replenish lost moisture.
Its molecular structure allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle, offering nourishment from within, a wisdom understood by those who first worked with this oil. The very biology of textured hair, with its propensity for lifting cuticles, finds a soothing ally in argan oil’s emollient properties, which help to smooth and seal the outer layer, reducing friction and environmental damage.

Textured Hair Classification Systems and Cultural Context
The classification of textured hair, though often presented through modern numerical and alphabetical systems, carries a subtle historical weight. These systems, while aiming for scientific precision, sometimes inadvertently flatten the rich, diverse spectrum of hair types within Black and mixed-race heritage. Ancestral communities, however, recognized and celebrated this diversity through a more fluid, experiential understanding of hair, often categorizing it by its response to natural elements, its feel, or its appearance within specific cultural styles.
Argan oil, in this context, served as a universal balm, adapting to the varying needs of different hair textures, whether tightly coiled or gently waved. Its traditional application transcended rigid classifications, serving as a staple for a broad range of hair types seeking moisture, protection, and luster.
Argan oil carries within its golden drops a narrative of enduring heritage, deeply woven into the practices of textured hair care.

The Essential Lexicon of Textured Hair
The language we use to describe textured hair is itself a living archive, a collection of terms that have evolved through shared experiences and ancestral knowledge. Words like “coils,” “kinks,” “waves,” and “strands” are not merely descriptors; they are reflections of a cultural dialogue around hair that stretches back generations. Within this lexicon, terms for natural ingredients and their applications hold a special place. The Berber people, the indigenous inhabitants of southwestern Morocco, refer to the argan tree as the “Tree of Life,” a testament to its profound importance beyond just its oil.
This name alone speaks volumes about the reverence held for this resource, positioning argan oil not just as a product, but as a symbol of sustenance, health, and beauty, deeply embedded in their daily lives and traditional practices. The historical understanding of argan oil’s benefits for hair, passed down through oral traditions and practical application, shaped this lexicon, long before scientific analysis validated its properties.

Hair Growth Cycles and Influencing Factors
Hair growth is a cyclical biological process, yet its expression can be influenced by a myriad of factors, both internal and external. For textured hair, ancestral diets, environmental conditions, and traditional grooming practices all played a part in supporting healthy growth. The arid climate of Morocco, where the argan tree thrives, necessitated solutions for moisture retention and protection from harsh elements.
Argan oil, with its high vitamin E content and antioxidants, has been traditionally valued for its ability to promote scalp health, which in turn supports the hair growth cycle. This ancestral understanding, now corroborated by modern science, underscores a holistic approach to hair care where external applications are seen as complementary to overall well-being.

Ritual
As we journey deeper into the essence of textured hair care, we encounter the profound significance of ritual. This is not simply about applying a product; it is about honoring a lineage, a deliberate engagement with practices that have shaped our understanding of beauty and self-care through generations. The evolution of hair care, particularly for textured hair, is a story of adaptation, innovation, and unwavering devotion to ancestral methods.
Here, argan oil steps forward not just as an ingredient, but as a participant in these enduring rituals, a testament to the wisdom passed down, shaping our experiences of care and connection. It invites us to consider how ancient techniques, refined over centuries, continue to inform and enrich our contemporary hair journeys, always with a deep respect for tradition.

Protective Styling Encyclopedia
Protective styles—braids, twists, cornrows, and various updos—are more than just aesthetic choices; they are a cornerstone of textured hair heritage, serving to safeguard strands from environmental aggressors and reduce manipulation. These styles, often intricate and culturally significant, have roots in diverse African traditions, each carrying its own historical narrative and symbolic meaning. Argan oil has long been a companion in these styling practices.
Before the intricate weaving began, or after a style was set, a light application of argan oil would often be used to seal in moisture, add luster, and promote scalp health beneath the protective enclosure. This practice, passed down through matriarchal lines, speaks to a holistic approach where styling and care were inseparable, a testament to the wisdom that understood the hair’s need for both adornment and protection.
- Scalp Oiling ❉ The practice of applying argan oil directly to the scalp to nourish follicles and maintain skin health.
- Pre-Braiding Treatment ❉ Using argan oil as a conditioning agent before styling to improve elasticity and prevent breakage.
- Post-Styling Sealant ❉ A light application of argan oil to finished styles to add shine and reduce frizz.

Natural Styling and Definition Techniques
The quest for defining and celebrating natural texture has led to a rich array of techniques, many of which echo ancestral methods. Finger coiling, wash-and-gos, and twist-outs are modern iterations of practices that sought to enhance the hair’s innate pattern. In these traditions, the role of natural oils was paramount. Argan oil, with its unique balance of fatty acids, offers a lightweight yet effective means to define curls and coils without weighing them down.
Its historical use in Moroccan communities for hair care points to an early understanding of its capacity to bring out the best in natural textures, providing softness and a healthy sheen. The application of argan oil in these contexts represents a continuum of care, bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary desires for authentic expression of textured hair.
Argan oil serves as a gentle bridge between ancient hair wisdom and the contemporary pursuit of authentic textured hair expression.

Wigs and Hair Extensions Mastery
The use of wigs and hair extensions holds a significant, often overlooked, place in the heritage of Black and mixed-race hair. Beyond fashion, these adornments have served as symbols of status, protection, and artistic expression across various cultures and historical periods. While modern extensions offer new possibilities, the underlying principles of scalp health and hair protection remain constant. Argan oil has a role even here, used to condition natural hair beneath extensions, or to maintain the integrity of human hair pieces.
Its historical application in traditional Moroccan hair care, where it was valued for its nourishing properties, suggests a long-standing understanding of how to maintain hair health even when manipulated or covered. This historical thread reminds us that the pursuit of versatile hair expressions has always been intertwined with careful, considered care.

Heat Styling and Thermal Reconditioning
The introduction of heat styling tools brought both convenience and new challenges to textured hair care. While ancestral methods primarily relied on natural drying and manipulation, modern life often necessitates quicker styling solutions. However, the delicate structure of textured hair makes it particularly vulnerable to heat damage. This is where the protective qualities of oils become especially relevant.
Although historical use of argan oil predates modern heat tools, its inherent properties—its richness in antioxidants and vitamin E—offer a natural defense against thermal stress. It forms a light barrier, helping to mitigate the drying and weakening effects of heat, thereby preserving the hair’s integrity. This adaptation of an ancient ingredient to contemporary needs highlights a continuous dialogue between tradition and innovation in hair care.
| Aspect of Care Moisture Retention |
| Ancestral Practice with Argan Oil Used as a direct application to hair and scalp to seal in natural moisture in arid climates. |
| Contemporary Application with Argan Oil Applied as a leave-in conditioner or serum to combat dryness from environmental factors and styling. |
| Aspect of Care Scalp Health |
| Ancestral Practice with Argan Oil Massaged into the scalp to address dryness, flaking, and promote overall scalp vitality. |
| Contemporary Application with Argan Oil Incorporated into scalp treatments or pre-shampoo rituals to balance oil production and soothe irritation. |
| Aspect of Care Hair Strength |
| Ancestral Practice with Argan Oil Used to coat strands, reducing breakage during detangling and styling. |
| Contemporary Application with Argan Oil Found in strengthening masks and conditioning treatments to improve elasticity and reduce split ends. |
| Aspect of Care Styling Aid |
| Ancestral Practice with Argan Oil Applied to define natural curl patterns and add a healthy sheen to traditional styles. |
| Contemporary Application with Argan Oil Utilized in curl creams and styling gels for definition, frizz reduction, and added shine. |
| Aspect of Care Argan oil bridges ancient wisdom and modern needs, consistently providing nourishment and protection for textured hair across generations. |

The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit
Every hair journey is supported by its tools, and for textured hair, these implements often carry historical resonance. From wide-tooth combs crafted from natural materials to specialized picks designed to lift and shape, the toolkit reflects a deep understanding of hair’s unique needs. Argan oil, while not a tool itself, is an indispensable component within this toolkit. Its traditional application involved careful, hand-to-hair rituals, often accompanied by simple wooden combs or fingers, allowing the oil to be worked gently through the strands.
This manual, intimate approach underscores a heritage of mindful care, where each tool and each application of oil served a specific purpose in maintaining the health and beauty of textured hair. The presence of argan oil in this toolkit speaks to its enduring value as a natural resource for nurturing and protecting hair.

Relay
How does the lineage of argan oil, stretching from ancient Moroccan groves to the diverse textured hair communities of today, continue to shape our understanding of identity and care? This query invites us to consider the profound interconnectedness of biological realities, social narratives, and historical currents that define the heritage of textured hair. We move now beyond mere application, into a space where the science of argan oil converges with the soul of a strand, where cultural practices illuminate biological truths, and where the past actively informs the future of hair wellness. This exploration delves into the deeper currents that position argan oil not just as a product, but as a living symbol of resilience, cultural pride, and ancestral continuity.

Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
Crafting a personalized hair regimen for textured hair is a nuanced endeavor, one that benefits immensely from a dialogue between modern scientific understanding and ancestral wisdom. Historically, hair care was deeply individualized, informed by specific hair types, environmental conditions, and available natural resources. The Berber women of Morocco, for instance, developed intricate routines around argan oil, adapting its use to the unique needs of their hair and climate. This historical precedent reminds us that true personalization stems from careful observation and a deep understanding of one’s own hair, rather than rigid adherence to universal rules.
Argan oil, with its versatile properties, can serve as a cornerstone in such regimens, offering a base for moisture, protection, and nourishment that can be tailored to individual requirements. The success of these historical regimens, rooted in generations of empirical knowledge, provides a powerful validation for current personalized approaches.

How does Ancestral Knowledge Inform Modern Hair Care Science?
Ancestral knowledge, often dismissed as anecdotal, frequently contains profound insights that modern science can validate and explain. The traditional use of argan oil by Berber women for centuries, for instance, highlights a deep understanding of its properties. Scientific analysis now confirms argan oil’s richness in fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), vitamin E, and antioxidants, all of which contribute to its hydrating, protective, and reparative effects on hair.
This confluence of traditional wisdom and scientific evidence underscores a powerful truth ❉ that communities, through generations of lived experience, often uncover effective solutions that precede formal scientific inquiry. The ongoing research into ethnobotanical practices, such as those surrounding the argan tree, serves to bridge this gap, offering a deeper, more holistic understanding of hair wellness.
For example, a study by Abouri et al. (2012) and Abba and Dogara (2021) documented the widespread use of argan oil by Amazigh women for cosmetic benefits, including hair care, skin hydration, and stretch marks. This empirical evidence, gathered through traditional practices over centuries, aligns with contemporary scientific findings on the oil’s beneficial composition.

The Nighttime Sanctuary
Nighttime rituals hold a special, almost sacred, place in the care of textured hair. The deliberate act of preparing hair for rest—whether through braiding, twisting, or covering—is a practice rooted in protection and preservation. The bonnet, a seemingly simple accessory, stands as a symbol of this heritage, a practical tool that safeguards hair from friction and moisture loss during sleep. Within these nighttime sanctuaries, argan oil has long played a supporting role.
A light application before bed, particularly to the ends of the hair, would have been a common practice, allowing the oil’s nourishing properties to work undisturbed through the night. This ritualistic approach to care speaks to a deep respect for hair’s vulnerability and a commitment to its long-term health, a practice passed down through generations of Black and mixed-race families who understood the value of conscious, consistent care.

What Cultural Significance does the Bonnet Hold in Textured Hair Heritage?
The bonnet, or headwrap in its broader historical context, carries a weight of cultural significance far beyond its functional purpose. For Black and mixed-race communities, it represents a continuation of ancestral practices of head covering, which historically served purposes ranging from protection and hygiene to spiritual symbolism and status. The modern bonnet, particularly for textured hair, is a direct descendant of these traditions, adapted to the specific needs of preserving delicate hair structures during sleep.
It is a quiet act of self-care, a nod to the resilience of hair that has often been misunderstood or marginalized. Its widespread adoption speaks to a collective understanding of its value, a heritage of practical wisdom that continues to shape daily routines.

Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
The exploration of ingredients for textured hair care is a journey into the earth’s bounty, a recognition of the powerful remedies offered by nature. Argan oil stands as a prime example, its efficacy deeply rooted in its natural composition. It is particularly rich in Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid, both essential fatty acids that contribute to its moisturizing and restorative capabilities. These components work in harmony to fortify the hair’s lipid barrier, reducing water loss and increasing elasticity.
The presence of Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, further enhances its protective qualities, shielding hair from environmental stressors and oxidative damage. Beyond these well-documented elements, argan oil also contains Phenolic Compounds and Squalene, which offer additional anti-inflammatory and hydrating benefits. This complex profile explains why argan oil has been a staple in traditional hair care for centuries, its natural properties aligning perfectly with the unique needs of textured hair.

Textured Hair Problem Solving Compendium
The journey with textured hair often involves navigating common challenges ❉ dryness, breakage, and frizz. For generations, communities have developed solutions rooted in observation and natural remedies. Argan oil, within this historical context, emerged as a versatile answer to many of these concerns. Its ability to deeply hydrate and seal moisture into the hair shaft directly addresses dryness, a persistent issue for textured hair due to its structure.
For breakage, the oil’s nourishing properties strengthen the hair, making it more resilient and less prone to snapping. And for frizz, its smoothing action on the cuticle helps to create a more defined, cohesive appearance. This historical reliance on argan oil for problem-solving speaks to its enduring efficacy, a testament to the ancestral wisdom that recognized its capacity to restore balance and vitality to textured strands.
- Dryness ❉ Argan oil’s rich fatty acid content provides deep hydration, mimicking the hair’s natural lipids to replenish moisture.
- Breakage ❉ The oil strengthens the hair cuticle, improving elasticity and reducing vulnerability to mechanical stress.
- Frizz ❉ Argan oil smooths the outer layer of the hair, minimizing the raised cuticles that contribute to a frizzy appearance.

Holistic Influences on Hair Health
Hair health is not an isolated phenomenon; it is intricately linked to overall well-being, a truth deeply understood within ancestral wellness philosophies. These traditions often viewed the body as an interconnected system, where diet, mental state, and environmental harmony all played a part in physical manifestations, including hair vitality. The traditional use of argan oil extends beyond topical application; it has also been consumed for its nutritional benefits, believed to contribute to internal health that then reflects in external radiance.
This holistic perspective, where hair care is intertwined with a broader commitment to health, represents a profound aspect of textured hair heritage. It reminds us that true radiance stems from a balanced existence, a legacy of wisdom that continues to guide us toward a more integrated approach to self-care.

Relay
How does the lineage of argan oil, stretching from ancient Moroccan groves to the diverse textured hair communities of today, continue to shape our understanding of identity and care? This query invites us to consider the profound interconnectedness of biological realities, social narratives, and historical currents that define the heritage of textured hair. We move now beyond mere application, into a space where the science of argan oil converges with the soul of a strand, where cultural practices illuminate biological truths, and where the past actively informs the future of hair wellness. This exploration delves into the deeper currents that position argan oil not just as a product, but as a living symbol of resilience, cultural pride, and ancestral continuity.

Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
Crafting a personalized hair regimen for textured hair is a nuanced endeavor, one that benefits immensely from a dialogue between modern scientific understanding and ancestral wisdom. Historically, hair care was deeply individualized, informed by specific hair types, environmental conditions, and available natural resources. The Berber women of Morocco, for instance, developed intricate routines around argan oil, adapting its use to the unique needs of their hair and climate. This historical precedent reminds us that true personalization stems from careful observation and a deep understanding of one’s own hair, rather than rigid adherence to universal rules.
Argan oil, with its versatile properties, can serve as a cornerstone in such regimens, offering a base for moisture, protection, and nourishment that can be tailored to individual requirements. The success of these historical regimens, rooted in generations of empirical knowledge, provides a powerful validation for current personalized approaches.

How does Ancestral Knowledge Inform Modern Hair Care Science?
Ancestral knowledge, often dismissed as anecdotal, frequently contains profound insights that modern science can validate and explain. The traditional use of argan oil by Berber women for centuries, for instance, highlights a deep understanding of its properties. Scientific analysis now confirms argan oil’s richness in fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), vitamin E, and antioxidants, all of which contribute to its hydrating, protective, and reparative effects on hair.
This confluence of traditional wisdom and scientific evidence underscores a powerful truth ❉ that communities, through generations of lived experience, often uncover effective solutions that precede formal scientific inquiry. The ongoing research into ethnobotanical practices, such as those surrounding the argan tree, serves to bridge this gap, offering a deeper, more holistic understanding of hair wellness.
The historical production of argan oil by Berber women, often in cooperative settings, exemplifies a living heritage of female empowerment and community sustenance.
A striking example of this living heritage is the traditional method of argan oil extraction. For centuries, Berber women have hand-cracked the argan nuts, removed the kernels, and ground them into a paste using stone mills, then kneaded the paste to extract the oil. This laborious process, which can take eight hours to produce just one liter of oil, has been passed down through generations, becoming an integral part of their cultural identity and a source of communal bonding.
In the 1990s, the establishment of women’s cooperatives around argan oil production further solidified this heritage, providing financial independence, access to education, and healthcare for thousands of Moroccan women (Degen, 2023). These cooperatives not only preserve traditional methods but also serve as powerful models of social sustainability and economic empowerment, directly linking the oil’s global popularity to the upliftment of the communities who have stewarded this resource for millennia.

The Nighttime Sanctuary
Nighttime rituals hold a special, almost sacred, place in the care of textured hair. The deliberate act of preparing hair for rest—whether through braiding, twisting, or covering—is a practice rooted in protection and preservation. The bonnet, a seemingly simple accessory, stands as a symbol of this heritage, a practical tool that safeguards hair from friction and moisture loss during sleep. Within these nighttime sanctuaries, argan oil has long played a supporting role.
A light application before bed, particularly to the ends of the hair, would have been a common practice, allowing the oil’s nourishing properties to work undisturbed through the night. This ritualistic approach to care speaks to a deep respect for hair’s vulnerability and a commitment to its long-term health, a practice passed down through generations of Black and mixed-race families who understood the value of conscious, consistent care.

What Cultural Significance does the Bonnet Hold in Textured Hair Heritage?
The bonnet, or headwrap in its broader historical context, carries a weight of cultural significance far beyond its functional purpose. For Black and mixed-race communities, it represents a continuation of ancestral practices of head covering, which historically served purposes ranging from protection and hygiene to spiritual symbolism and status. The modern bonnet, particularly for textured hair, is a direct descendant of these traditions, adapted to the specific needs of preserving delicate hair structures during sleep.
It is a quiet act of self-care, a nod to the resilience of hair that has often been misunderstood or marginalized. Its widespread adoption speaks to a collective understanding of its value, a heritage of practical wisdom that continues to shape daily routines.

Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
The exploration of ingredients for textured hair care is a journey into the earth’s bounty, a recognition of the powerful remedies offered by nature. Argan oil stands as a prime example, its efficacy deeply rooted in its natural composition. It is particularly rich in Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid, both essential fatty acids that contribute to its moisturizing and restorative capabilities. These components work in harmony to fortify the hair’s lipid barrier, reducing water loss and increasing elasticity.
The presence of Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, further enhances its protective qualities, shielding hair from environmental stressors and oxidative damage. Beyond these well-documented elements, argan oil also contains Phenolic Compounds and Squalene, which offer additional anti-inflammatory and hydrating benefits. This complex profile explains why argan oil has been a staple in traditional hair care for centuries, its natural properties aligning perfectly with the unique needs of textured hair.

Textured Hair Problem Solving Compendium
The journey with textured hair often involves navigating common challenges ❉ dryness, breakage, and frizz. For generations, communities have developed solutions rooted in observation and natural remedies. Argan oil, within this historical context, emerged as a versatile answer to many of these concerns. Its ability to deeply hydrate and seal moisture into the hair shaft directly addresses dryness, a persistent issue for textured hair due to its structure.
For breakage, the oil’s nourishing properties strengthen the hair, making it more resilient and less prone to snapping. And for frizz, its smoothing action on the cuticle helps to create a more defined, cohesive appearance. This historical reliance on argan oil for problem-solving speaks to its enduring efficacy, a testament to the ancestral wisdom that recognized its capacity to restore balance and vitality to textured strands.
- Dryness ❉ Argan oil’s rich fatty acid content provides deep hydration, mimicking the hair’s natural lipids to replenish moisture.
- Breakage ❉ The oil strengthens the hair cuticle, improving elasticity and reducing vulnerability to mechanical stress.
- Frizz ❉ Argan oil smooths the outer layer of the hair, minimizing the raised cuticles that contribute to a frizzy appearance.

Holistic Influences on Hair Health
Hair health is not an isolated phenomenon; it is intricately linked to overall well-being, a truth deeply understood within ancestral wellness philosophies. These traditions often viewed the body as an interconnected system, where diet, mental state, and environmental harmony all played a part in physical manifestations, including hair vitality. The traditional use of argan oil extends beyond topical application; it has also been consumed for its nutritional benefits, believed to contribute to internal health that then reflects in external radiance.
This holistic perspective, where hair care is intertwined with a broader commitment to health, represents a profound aspect of textured hair heritage. It reminds us that true radiance stems from a balanced existence, a legacy of wisdom that continues to guide us toward a more integrated approach to self-care.

Reflection
The golden light of argan oil, a liquid memory of the Moroccan sun, reminds us that the heritage of textured hair is not a static relic, but a living, breathing current that flows from ancient roots to vibrant futures. Each drop carries the whisper of generations, the knowledge of the earth, and the unwavering spirit of those who have nurtured their strands with reverence. This enduring legacy, steeped in cultural practices and ancestral wisdom, affirms that our hair is more than just fibers; it is a profound expression of identity, a connection to lineage, and a canvas for self-acceptance. As we continue to honor these traditions, we contribute to a collective archive, ensuring that the soul of every strand, nourished by the earth’s timeless gifts, continues its luminous journey.
References
- Abouri, M. et al. (2012). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of dermatological diseases in the region of Meknes-Tafilalet, Morocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
- Abba, A. B. & Dogara, A. (2021). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies.
- Boucetta, K. Q. et al. (2014). Skin hydration and anti-aging properties of argan oil. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.
- Degen, A. A. (2023). Indigenous Women in North Africa ❉ Amazigh Women and Argan Oil. World Scientific Book Chapters.
- El Mousadik, A. & Petit, R. J. (1996). Molecular diversity in Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels (Sapotaceae), an endemic tree of Morocco. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.
- Farines, M. et al. (1981). Composition of argan oil. Revue Française des Corps Gras.
- Farines, M. et al. (1984). Further studies on the composition of argan oil. Revue Française des Corps Gras.
- Guillaume, D. & Charrouf, Z. (2011). Argan oil and other argan products ❉ Use in dermocosmetology. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology.
- Msanda, F. et al. (2005). Contribution to the study of the ethnobotany of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels in Morocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
- Ruas, A. et al. (2015). The argan tree and its products ❉ A review of its traditional uses, chemical composition, and biological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
- Soheir, E. M. & Sirine, M. (2019). Cosmetic benefits of argan oil. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
- Westermarck, E. (2013). Ritual and Belief in Morocco. Routledge.