Roots
The journey into textured hair vitality is not merely a modern pursuit of beauty; it is a homecoming, a reclamation of ancient wisdom whispered through generations. For those with coils, kinks, and waves, hair is a living archive, a sacred conduit connecting the present self to an enduring lineage. We stand at the threshold of understanding how ancestral philosophies link overall wellness to the vibrancy of textured hair, not as a fleeting trend, but as a profound act of honoring heritage. This exploration invites a deeper perception, one that moves beyond superficial care to embrace the interwoven narratives of identity, spirit, and communal well-being that have always been central to textured hair traditions.
Hair Anatomy and Ancient Perceptions
At its elemental core, textured hair, with its unique helical structure, presents a biological marvel. Each strand, from its follicular origin to its visible length, possesses a distinct morphology that influences its strength, moisture retention, and styling capabilities. Ancestral communities, without the aid of microscopes or molecular diagrams, possessed an intuitive understanding of these inherent characteristics.
They observed how environment, diet, and spiritual practices impacted hair’s appearance and resilience. This keen observation informed their care rituals, recognizing that a strand’s external vitality mirrored internal states of being.
Across various African civilizations, hair was seen as more than just a physical attribute; it was a symbol of status, spirituality, and identity. In ancient Egypt, for instance, hair was a marker of hierarchy and divinity, with elaborate wigs and adornments signifying wealth and religious devotion. The Yoruba people of Nigeria regarded hair as sacred, believing it to be a medium for spiritual energy, connecting individuals to their ancestors and deities. This spiritual reverence meant that hair care was not a casual act but a ritualistic engagement with the divine, a recognition of hair as the body’s highest point, closest to the heavens.
Ancestral wisdom recognized textured hair as a profound symbol of identity, spirituality, and community well-being, far beyond its physical presence.
Cultural Classifications and Their Echoes
Modern hair classification systems, while attempting to categorize hair types, often fall short in capturing the cultural depth and historical context that traditional societies attributed to textured hair. Ancestral communities did not merely classify hair by curl pattern; they understood it through the lens of lineage, social standing, and life stages. A hairstyle could communicate a person’s age, marital status, tribal affiliation, wealth, or even their family background. This complex visual language transformed hair into a living testament of one’s place within the collective.
For example, the Himba tribe in Namibia wore dreadlocked styles coated with red ochre paste, symbolizing their connection to the earth and their ancestors. In Yoruba culture, specific braided styles could convey messages to the gods. This rich historical backdrop highlights how hair was intrinsically linked to social communication and collective identity, far surpassing any purely aesthetic consideration.
The Essential Lexicon of Textured Hair Lineage
The language we use to describe textured hair carries the echoes of historical perceptions, some empowering, some rooted in centuries of imposed beauty standards. Ancestral terms, often lost or distorted through colonial encounters, spoke to the vitality and cultural meaning of hair. The term “kinky,” for example, historically used pejoratively, originally described the tight, resilient coils of African hair. Reclaiming and redefining such terms is a vital act of honoring the heritage embedded within our vocabulary.
Traditional societies possessed a precise vocabulary for hair types, styles, and their associated meanings. These terms were not merely descriptive; they were imbued with cultural significance, conveying stories and social codes. Understanding this ancestral lexicon helps to dismantle the Eurocentric biases that have historically devalued textured hair. The shift towards celebrating terms like “coils,” “kinks,” and “waves” within the modern natural hair movement is a testament to this ongoing reclamation of linguistic and cultural autonomy.
Growth Cycles and Ancestral Influences
Hair growth, a continuous biological process, was observed and understood by ancestral communities in relation to overall health and environmental conditions. They recognized that periods of stress, scarcity, or illness could impact hair’s strength and growth. This observation linked hair vitality directly to the holistic well-being of the individual and the community.
Historical environmental factors, such as climate and available natural resources, played a significant role in shaping ancestral hair care practices. In hot, dry climates, traditional oils and butters were used to keep hair moisturized, often paired with protective styles to maintain length and health. Nutritional factors, derived from indigenous diets, also contributed to hair health, with communities understanding the benefits of local plants and their nourishing properties for both internal consumption and external application. The ancestral connection between internal health and external radiance, particularly hair, forms a core tenet of these philosophies.
Ritual
Step into a space where hands move with intention, where ancient wisdom guides each touch, and where the rhythmic pulse of care connects us to those who came before. This section invites us to witness how ancestral philosophies have shaped the very fabric of textured hair rituals, transforming simple acts of grooming into profound expressions of heritage and holistic wellness. The techniques and tools employed in these practices are not random; they are carefully preserved echoes of a deep, living tradition, constantly adapting while holding fast to their core purpose. Here, we explore the applied knowledge, the tangible expressions of a legacy that continues to define textured hair vitality.
Protective Styling Lineage
The art of protective styling, so central to contemporary textured hair care, finds its deepest roots in ancestral practices across Africa and the diaspora. These styles, such as braids, twists, and locs, were not solely for aesthetic appeal; they served crucial practical and symbolic functions. They shielded hair from environmental elements, promoted length retention, and reduced manipulation, all while conveying complex social messages.
Consider the intricate braiding traditions of various African ethnic groups. Styles like cornrows, known as “canerows” in some regions, were more than mere adornments; they were tools of communication and resistance. During the transatlantic slave trade, enslaved individuals in places like Colombia used cornrow patterns to create maps and directions for escape, weaving hidden messages into their hair as a covert language of defiance. This historical example powerfully illuminates how protective styling became a vehicle for survival and a symbol of enduring spirit, a testament to the resilience embedded within textured hair heritage.
- Cornrows ❉ Tightly braided rows lying flat against the scalp, historically used for practical hair management and as a covert communication system during enslavement.
- Locs ❉ Coiled hair sections that naturally interlock, signifying spiritual connection, maturity, and a rejection of Eurocentric beauty standards in many cultures.
- Bantu Knots ❉ A style of coiling hair into small, secure knots, originating from the Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa, used for protective styling and creating curl patterns.
Natural Styling and Ancestral Methods
The pursuit of natural styling and definition for textured hair today mirrors ancestral methods that celebrated the hair’s inherent form. Before chemical alterations became widespread, communities relied on natural ingredients and gentle techniques to cleanse, moisturize, and define their hair. These practices fostered a deep connection to the hair’s natural state, honoring its unique texture.
Traditional hair oiling, a practice found across various cultures, was a sacred ritual in West African traditions. Oils and butters were used to keep hair moisturized in hot, dry climates, protecting it and promoting health. The application of natural clays, like Rhassoul clay from the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, served as a gentle cleanser, removing impurities without stripping natural oils, a practice still valued for scalp health. These methods speak to a holistic approach where the vitality of the hair was seen as an extension of the body’s overall well-being.
Wigs and Hair Extensions Legacy
The use of wigs and hair extensions is not a contemporary invention; its legacy stretches back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Egypt, wigs were essential for hygiene, protection from the sun, and as symbols of status and spiritual devotion. Both men and women of the elite class wore elaborate wigs made from human hair, wool, and plant fibers, often adorned with precious materials. This historical context demonstrates that altering hair for practical or symbolic reasons has a long and revered heritage, offering insights into how societies have always adapted hair practices to meet their needs and express their identities.
The ancestral understanding of hair as a mutable yet significant aspect of self allowed for the incorporation of extensions and adornments. These additions were not about concealing natural hair but enhancing its symbolic power, reflecting social standing, marital status, or tribal identity. This rich history provides a framework for understanding modern practices within a lineage of transformation and expression.
Heat Styling and Historical Considerations
While modern heat styling often involves high temperatures and can be damaging, historical methods of hair manipulation sometimes incorporated gentle warmth or natural drying techniques. The ancestral approach prioritized the preservation of hair health, often through air-drying or indirect heat sources. The emphasis was on maintaining the hair’s integrity, recognizing its delicate balance.
The introduction of tools like the hot comb in the early 1900s, while offering new styling possibilities, also marked a shift towards methods that could compromise hair health if not used with care. This contrast highlights the ancestral preference for gentle, protective methods that aligned with the hair’s natural structure and promoted its long-term vitality, a wisdom that modern practices can benefit from revisiting.
The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit
The tools used for textured hair care throughout history reflect ingenuity and a deep understanding of the hair’s unique characteristics. From intricately carved combs to natural fibers for braiding, these tools were designed to work harmoniously with the hair, minimizing damage and facilitating protective styles.
Archaeological finds from Kush and Kemet (ancient Sudan and Egypt) reveal wooden, bone, and ivory combs, some dating back over 5,500 years. These were not just grooming items; they were often engraved with symbols signifying tribal identity, rank, or protection, underscoring the sacredness of both hair and its implements. These ancestral tools, with their wider teeth and sturdy construction, were designed to navigate the natural coils of textured hair gently, a design principle that still guides effective tools today.
The historical use of cornrows as escape maps during the transatlantic slave trade profoundly illustrates how styling practices became acts of resistance and survival.
The development of tools was often a communal endeavor, passed down through generations. The knowledge of crafting and using these implements was integral to the hair care rituals, reinforcing community bonds and preserving ancestral techniques.
Relay
How do the echoes of ancient wisdom, once whispers in communal spaces, now resonate through our contemporary understanding of textured hair vitality? This section delves into the sophisticated interplay where elemental biology, cultural practices, and the profound narratives of heritage converge to redefine holistic care. We move beyond surface-level discussions to explore the intricate connections that shape our relationship with textured hair, drawing on research and scholarship to illuminate the enduring philosophies that link overall wellness to the very essence of a strand. This is an invitation to perceive textured hair not just as a physical attribute, but as a dynamic expression of interconnected well-being, rooted in a legacy that continues to speak to us.
Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
The creation of a personalized textured hair regimen, far from being a modern invention, is deeply inspired by ancestral wisdom that recognized individual needs within a collective framework of wellness. Traditional African medicine, a holistic healing system practiced for thousands of years, understood that well-being encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual harmony. This comprehensive approach extended to hair care, where remedies were tailored to an individual’s constitution, environment, and life stage.
Ancestral practices did not adhere to a one-size-fits-all model. Instead, they observed how various natural ingredients interacted with different hair types and scalp conditions. The choice of oils, herbs, and styling techniques was often guided by generations of accumulated knowledge, passed down through observation and oral tradition. This bespoke approach, rooted in deep understanding of local flora and individual responses, offers a powerful blueprint for modern personalized regimens.
What Ancient Principles Guide Modern Hair Wellness?
Ancient philosophies underscore a fundamental truth: external vitality reflects internal harmony. This principle is especially pertinent to textured hair, which responds acutely to systemic wellness. Traditional African medicine, for example, posits that illness arises from spiritual or emotional imbalance, and healing involves restoring harmony between the individual, their community, and the spiritual realm. When applied to hair, this means that a holistic regimen considers not only topical applications but also diet, stress levels, and emotional well-being.
The connection between hair health and mental health for Black women is a compelling contemporary example of this ancestral principle. Research indicates that societal pressures and discrimination related to textured hair can lead to negative self-image, anxiety, and stress, collectively termed “hair depression.” The constant scrutiny and pressure to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards can take a significant toll on mental well-being, highlighting how deeply hair is intertwined with identity and self-worth. Reclaiming natural hair and traditional care practices becomes an act of self-acceptance and empowerment, directly impacting mental health outcomes. This modern psychological insight mirrors the ancestral understanding that the spirit feels honored when hair is lovingly cared for, leading to greater grounding and resilience.
The Nighttime Sanctuary: Sleep Protection
The practice of protecting textured hair during sleep, often with bonnets or wraps, is a direct inheritance from ancestral wisdom. These coverings were not merely about preserving a style; they were about safeguarding the hair’s delicate structure, preventing moisture loss, and maintaining its integrity overnight. In African villages, hair wraps, in various prints and colors, often symbolized a person’s tribe or social status, serving a dual purpose of protection and identity.
The nightly ritual of wrapping hair or covering it with protective fabrics reflects a deep respect for the hair as a living entity requiring continuous care. This tradition acknowledges the vulnerability of textured hair to friction and dryness, particularly during sleep. By creating a “nighttime sanctuary” for the hair, these practices extend the care regimen beyond waking hours, demonstrating a sustained commitment to hair vitality that transcends the day.
Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
Ancestral knowledge of natural ingredients for hair care is a treasure trove, validated by modern scientific understanding. Communities across Africa cultivated a profound understanding of local plants, oils, and clays, recognizing their unique properties for cleansing, nourishing, and strengthening hair.
Consider the following traditional ingredients and their heritage:
- Shea Butter ❉ A staple in West African communities, revered for its moisturizing and healing properties, extracted from the nuts of the Shea tree. It deeply conditions and seals moisture into textured strands, addressing the inherent dryness often associated with coily hair.
- African Black Soap ❉ A traditional cleanser from West Africa, known for its ability to cleanse the scalp, feed healing nutrients, and help follicle cells grow hair, without stripping natural oils. Its gentle yet effective cleansing aligns with the need to preserve the hair’s natural moisture barrier.
- Batana Oil (Palm Kernel Oil) ❉ Traditionally used in West Africa, this oil is rich in lauric acid and vitamins A & E, deeply penetrating the scalp to nourish follicles and stimulate growth. It also helps prevent hair loss and strengthens hair against breakage.
- Moringa Oil ❉ Valued in ancient Egypt, this lightweight oil is rich in antioxidants, nourishing the scalp and promoting overall hair health. Its historical use speaks to a long-standing appreciation for its fortifying properties.
- Rhassoul Clay ❉ Also known as Moroccan Clay, this mineral-rich clay from the Atlas Mountains is excellent for detoxifying the scalp, removing impurities, and conditioning hair without stripping its natural oils. Its traditional application highlights a natural approach to scalp hygiene and balance.
These ingredients represent a direct link to ancestral ethnobotany, where nature provided the pharmacy for wellness. The careful selection and application of these elements demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of their benefits, a wisdom that continues to inform effective textured hair care today.
Textured Hair Problem Solving
Ancestral philosophies approached hair challenges not as isolated issues but as manifestations of broader imbalances. Whether addressing dryness, breakage, or scalp conditions, traditional healers and caregivers looked to holistic solutions, often integrating herbal remedies with dietary adjustments and spiritual practices. This approach contrasts with a purely symptomatic treatment, aiming instead for foundational well-being.
For instance, ancestral practices utilized specific oils like Batana oil to combat dryness and prevent hair loss, while African black soap was employed for soothing scalp problems such as dandruff. The resilience of textured hair, often subjected to environmental stressors or cultural pressures, was understood to be bolstered by consistent, mindful care rooted in these traditional methods.
How Do Ancestral Practices Address Hair Vulnerabilities?
Ancestral practices recognized the inherent vulnerabilities of textured hair, particularly its tendency towards dryness and breakage, and developed methods to mitigate these challenges. They understood that tightly coiled hair requires significant moisture to maintain elasticity and prevent fracture. This led to the consistent use of occlusive oils and butters, not merely as conditioners, but as protective seals against the elements.
Beyond physical applications, the communal aspect of hair care in many African cultures served as a form of social and emotional support. Hair braiding sessions, often taking hours, became opportunities for storytelling, sharing wisdom, and strengthening community bonds. This communal act of care provided psychological nourishment, acting as a buffer against external stressors that could otherwise impact overall wellness, including hair health. This highlights a crucial point: ancestral problem-solving for hair was never just about the strand itself, but about the individual’s place within a supportive network, a vital component of holistic health.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
The profound connection between overall wellness and textured hair vitality, deeply embedded in ancestral philosophies, represents a holistic worldview. Traditional African medicine views human beings as an intricate balance of physical, spiritual, moral, and social aspects. When these components work in harmony, health prevails. Hair, as a visible extension of the self, becomes an indicator of this internal balance.
This integrated understanding means that diet, mental peace, community support, and spiritual alignment all contribute to hair health. For example, the inclusion of indigenous plants in ancestral diets provided essential nutrients that supported robust hair growth from within. Similarly, rituals and ceremonies, often involving hair, served to restore spiritual harmony, indirectly contributing to physical well-being. The legacy of these holistic influences encourages a contemporary approach to textured hair care that looks beyond products alone, urging us to consider the profound impact of our entire way of being on the vitality of our strands.
Relay
How do the echoes of ancient wisdom, once whispers in communal spaces, now resonate through our contemporary understanding of textured hair vitality? This section delves into the sophisticated interplay where elemental biology, cultural practices, and the profound narratives of heritage converge to redefine holistic care. We move beyond surface-level discussions to explore the intricate connections that shape our relationship with textured hair, drawing on research and scholarship to illuminate the enduring philosophies that link overall wellness to the very essence of a strand. This is an invitation to perceive textured hair not just as a physical attribute, but as a dynamic expression of interconnected well-being, rooted in a legacy that continues to speak to us.
Building Personalized Textured Hair Regimens
The creation of a personalized textured hair regimen, far from being a modern invention, is deeply inspired by ancestral wisdom that recognized individual needs within a collective framework of wellness. Traditional African medicine, a holistic healing system practiced for thousands of years, understood that well-being encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual harmony. This comprehensive approach extended to hair care, where remedies were tailored to an individual’s constitution, environment, and life stage.
Ancestral practices did not adhere to a one-size-fits-all model. Instead, they observed how various natural ingredients interacted with different hair types and scalp conditions. The choice of oils, herbs, and styling techniques was often guided by generations of accumulated knowledge, passed down through observation and oral tradition. This bespoke approach, rooted in deep understanding of local flora and individual responses, offers a powerful blueprint for modern personalized regimens.
What Ancient Principles Guide Modern Hair Wellness?
Ancient philosophies underscore a fundamental truth: external vitality reflects internal harmony. This principle is especially pertinent to textured hair, which responds acutely to systemic wellness. Traditional African medicine, for example, posits that illness arises from spiritual or emotional imbalance, and healing involves restoring harmony between the individual, their community, and the spiritual realm. When applied to hair, this means that a holistic regimen considers not only topical applications but also diet, stress levels, and emotional well-being.
The connection between hair health and mental health for Black women is a compelling contemporary example of this ancestral principle. Research indicates that societal pressures and discrimination related to textured hair can lead to negative self-image, anxiety, and stress, collectively termed “hair depression.” The constant scrutiny and pressure to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards can take a significant toll on mental well-being, highlighting how deeply hair is intertwined with identity and self-worth. Reclaiming natural hair and traditional care practices becomes an act of self-acceptance and empowerment, directly impacting mental health outcomes. This modern psychological insight mirrors the ancestral understanding that the spirit feels honored when hair is lovingly cared for, leading to greater grounding and resilience.
The Nighttime Sanctuary: Sleep Protection
The practice of protecting textured hair during sleep, often with bonnets or wraps, is a direct inheritance from ancestral wisdom. These coverings were not merely about preserving a style; they were about safeguarding the hair’s delicate structure, preventing moisture loss, and maintaining its integrity overnight. In African villages, hair wraps, in various prints and colors, often symbolized a person’s tribe or social status, serving a dual purpose of protection and identity.
The nightly ritual of wrapping hair or covering it with protective fabrics reflects a deep respect for the hair as a living entity requiring continuous care. This tradition acknowledges the vulnerability of textured hair to friction and dryness, particularly during sleep. By creating a “nighttime sanctuary” for the hair, these practices extend the care regimen beyond waking hours, demonstrating a sustained commitment to hair vitality that transcends the day.
Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
Ancestral knowledge of natural ingredients for hair care is a treasure trove, validated by modern scientific understanding. Communities across Africa cultivated a profound understanding of local plants, oils, and clays, recognizing their unique properties for cleansing, nourishing, and strengthening hair.
Consider the following traditional ingredients and their heritage:
- Shea Butter ❉ A staple in West African communities, revered for its moisturizing and healing properties, extracted from the nuts of the Shea tree. It deeply conditions and seals moisture into textured strands, addressing the inherent dryness often associated with coily hair.
- African Black Soap ❉ A traditional cleanser from West Africa, known for its ability to cleanse the scalp, feed healing nutrients, and help follicle cells grow hair, without stripping natural oils. Its gentle yet effective cleansing aligns with the need to preserve the hair’s natural moisture barrier.
- Batana Oil (Palm Kernel Oil) ❉ Traditionally used in West Africa, this oil is rich in lauric acid and vitamins A & E, deeply penetrating the scalp to nourish follicles and stimulate growth. It also helps prevent hair loss and strengthens hair against breakage.
- Moringa Oil ❉ Valued in ancient Egypt, this lightweight oil is rich in antioxidants, nourishing the scalp and promoting overall hair health. Its historical use speaks to a long-standing appreciation for its fortifying properties.
- Rhassoul Clay ❉ Also known as Moroccan Clay, this mineral-rich clay from the Atlas Mountains is excellent for detoxifying the scalp, removing impurities, and conditioning hair without stripping its natural oils. Its traditional application highlights a natural approach to scalp hygiene and balance.
These ingredients represent a direct link to ancestral ethnobotany, where nature provided the pharmacy for wellness. The careful selection and application of these elements demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of their benefits, a wisdom that continues to inform effective textured hair care today.
Textured Hair Problem Solving
Ancestral philosophies approached hair challenges not as isolated issues but as manifestations of broader imbalances. Whether addressing dryness, breakage, or scalp conditions, traditional healers and caregivers looked to holistic solutions, often integrating herbal remedies with dietary adjustments and spiritual practices. This approach contrasts with a purely symptomatic treatment, aiming instead for foundational well-being.
For instance, ancestral practices utilized specific oils like Batana oil to combat dryness and prevent hair loss, while African black soap was employed for soothing scalp problems such as dandruff. The resilience of textured hair, often subjected to environmental stressors or cultural pressures, was understood to be bolstered by consistent, mindful care rooted in these traditional methods.
How Do Ancestral Practices Address Hair Vulnerabilities?
Ancestral practices recognized the inherent vulnerabilities of textured hair, particularly its tendency towards dryness and breakage, and developed methods to mitigate these challenges. They understood that tightly coiled hair requires significant moisture to maintain elasticity and prevent fracture. This led to the consistent use of occlusive oils and butters, not merely as conditioners, but as protective seals against the elements.
Beyond physical applications, the communal aspect of hair care in many African cultures served as a form of social and emotional support. Hair braiding sessions, often taking hours, became opportunities for storytelling, sharing wisdom, and strengthening community bonds. This communal act of care provided psychological nourishment, acting as a buffer against external stressors that could otherwise impact overall wellness, including hair health. This highlights a crucial point: ancestral problem-solving for hair was never just about the strand itself, but about the individual’s place within a supportive network, a vital component of holistic health.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
The profound connection between overall wellness and textured hair vitality, deeply embedded in ancestral philosophies, represents a holistic worldview. Traditional African medicine views human beings as an intricate balance of physical, spiritual, moral, and social aspects. When these components work in harmony, health prevails. Hair, as a visible extension of the self, becomes an indicator of this internal balance.
This integrated understanding means that diet, mental peace, community support, and spiritual alignment all contribute to hair health. For example, the inclusion of indigenous plants in ancestral diets provided essential nutrients that supported robust hair growth from within. Similarly, rituals and ceremonies, often involving hair, served to restore spiritual harmony, indirectly contributing to physical well-being. The legacy of these holistic influences encourages a contemporary approach to textured hair care that looks beyond products alone, urging us to consider the profound impact of our entire way of being on the vitality of our strands.
Reflection
As we close this exploration, the echoes of ancestral wisdom linger, reminding us that textured hair is far more than a collection of fibers. It is a living, breathing testament to enduring heritage, a repository of stories, resilience, and profound philosophies that link its vitality to our deepest sense of well-being. The journey from elemental biology to communal rituals, from ancient practices to modern understanding, reveals a continuous dialogue across time.
Each coil and wave carries the memory of hands that nurtured, spirits that connected, and communities that celebrated. The Soul of a Strand is not merely a concept; it is a call to honor this legacy, to perceive our hair as a sacred part of our being, deeply connected to the luminous thread of our collective past and the boundless possibilities of our future.
References
- Byrd, A. & Tharps, L. (2014). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Griffin.
- Johnson, K. A. & Bankhead, T. L. (2014). Hair: A Book of Braiding and Styles. Black Classic Press.
- Jacobs-Huey, L. (2006). From the Kitchen to the Salon: Language and Cultural Co-Construction in the African American Beauty Shop. Oxford University Press.
- Mercer, K. (1994). Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. Routledge.
- Patton, M. (2006). African-American Hair as Culture and Resistance. Peter Lang Publishing.
- Rooks, N. M. (1996). Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women. Rutgers University Press.
- Omotos, A. (2018). The significance of hair in traditional African culture. Journal of Pan African Studies, 11(7), 1-14.
- Boone, S. A. (1986). Radiance from the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art. Yale University Press.
- Dove, C. M. & Powers, J. (2018). The Psychology of Black Hair: A Critical Review of the Literature. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(8), 651-671.
- Thompson, S. (2008). Black Women and Hair: A Critical Analysis of the Literature. Feminist Studies, 34(3), 481-499.
- Robinson, K. (2011). The Black Body and the Politics of Hair: From the Slave Trade to the Present. University Press of Mississippi.
- Byrd, A. & Tharps, L. (2001). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
- Gordon, M. (2009). The History of African Hair. New Africa Books.
- Akerele, O. (1993). Traditional Medicine in Africa: A Global Perspective. World Health Organization.
- Mbiti, J. S. (1969). African Religions and Philosophy. Heinemann.