
Roots
There exists a profound legacy, etched within the very coils and contours of textured hair. It is a story woven not only through generations of hands, but also through the earth itself, speaking of the ancestral botanical ingredients that have long encouraged its growth and vitality. For those of us with textured hair, this connection to the past is more than mere history; it is a living, breathing archive held within each strand, a testament to resilience, wisdom, and an unbroken line of heritage.
Understanding this heritage requires a thoughtful gaze at the intrinsic nature of textured hair, its foundational elements, and the language used to describe its many forms. From the continent of Africa to the sprawling landscapes of the Indian subcontinent and across the diaspora, our ancestors possessed a deep, intuitive knowledge of the natural world. They recognized plants not simply as adornments, but as powerful allies in the care and celebration of their hair, a practice rooted in elemental biology and profound cultural understanding.

Anatomy of Textured Hair From a Heritage View
The structure of textured hair is a marvel of biological engineering, setting it apart from other hair types. Each strand emerges from the scalp not as a perfect circle, but often as an oval or even a flattened ellipse. This unique cross-sectional shape, combined with the way the hair shaft twists and turns as it grows, creates the characteristic coils, kinks, and curls. These formations are beautiful, yet they present distinct needs, particularly regarding moisture retention and susceptibility to breakage.
Ancestral communities, long before the advent of modern microscopy, understood these inherent qualities. They observed that textured hair, with its numerous bends, presented more points of vulnerability, requiring particular attention to seal and protect the outer cuticle layer.
Historically, hair was more than an aspect of appearance; it was a map, a chronicle, a living testament to identity. In many African societies, hair carried messages of age, marital status, tribal affiliation, and even spiritual beliefs. The care extended to one’s hair was therefore a sacred act, a dialogue with one’s lineage.
The knowledge of ingredients that kept hair pliable and strong was passed down, honed through observation and practice. They understood, with an innate scientific sensibility, that healthy hair growth was contingent upon a nourished scalp and protected lengths.

Ancestral Classifications of Textured Hair
The contemporary systems of hair typing often categorize textured hair numerically, but ancestral societies possessed their own intricate, culturally resonant systems of classification. These systems were not focused on curl patterns for commercial purposes, but rather on social roles, spiritual connections, and communal belonging. For instance, the styles themselves often dictated the care.
A complex braided style, a symbol of high status or a specific life stage, would necessitate ingredients that ensured longevity and protection, such as various plant oils or butters. These classifications were deeply embedded in the social fabric, each style and its associated care speaking volumes about the wearer’s place in the world.
Ancestral communities understood textured hair’s unique structure, tending to its needs with botanical allies and practices steeped in cultural meaning.
Beyond broad categories, there were distinctions made through observation of hair’s response to different preparations and environments. A mother knew which particular concoction of leaves or seeds would best serve her child’s specific hair texture, ensuring its strength and growth in varying climates. This practical, generationally accumulated knowledge formed a natural classification system, one based on lived experience and the efficacy of traditional remedies.

A Lexicon of Textured Hair Through Time
The language surrounding textured hair care carries echoes of this deep past. Terms like Karité for shea butter, particularly in West Africa, speak to the reverence held for these vital natural resources. In India, words like Bhringraj, meaning ‘King of Hair’ in Sanskrit, immediately convey its esteemed place in Ayurvedic hair care.
These are not merely scientific designations; they are names imbued with centuries of cultural respect and empirical understanding. The very act of naming these ingredients and practices in their original tongues links us directly to the communities that first understood and utilized their properties for hair vitality.
Consider the journey of hair from the continent of Africa to the Americas. The transatlantic slave trade attempted to strip enslaved Africans of their identity, including their hair traditions. Yet, the legacy persisted.
Concepts of “greasing” hair, for instance, became a tradition for moisturizing and maintaining Black hair in the diaspora, passed down through families, utilizing natural butters and oils despite brutal circumstances. This adaptation and preservation of an essential lexicon speaks volumes about the enduring spirit of textured hair heritage.

Hair Growth Cycles and Their Ancestral Understanding?
Modern science identifies three main phases of hair growth ❉ anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (resting/shedding). Ancestral wisdom, while not using these specific terms, certainly recognized the cyclical nature of hair. They observed periods of growth, times when hair seemed to thin, and natural shedding. This understanding influenced their hair care practices.
For instance, certain herbs or massage techniques might have been employed during perceived periods of slower growth or increased shedding to support the hair’s natural cycles. The connection between diet, seasonal changes, and overall health also played a significant role in this understanding, linking inner well-being to outward hair vibrancy.
For example, the women of Chad have historically utilized Chebe powder , not for its direct growth-stimulating properties, but for its remarkable ability to reduce breakage, thereby allowing hair to retain its length over time. This practice, passed down through centuries, reveals an innate understanding of hair retention as a path to perceived growth, a testament to keen observation rather than a direct manipulation of the growth cycle itself.
| Aspect of Hair Hair Structure |
| Ancestral Understanding (Heritage Lens) Understood varied textures required specific handling; recognized vulnerability to dryness and breakage. Hair expressed identity. |
| Modern Scientific Perspective Identifies unique elliptical cross-section, helical growth patterns, and increased cuticle lift in textured hair. |
| Aspect of Hair Hair Growth |
| Ancestral Understanding (Heritage Lens) Observed hair cycles, recognized influence of diet and environment. Focused on retention and strengthening. |
| Modern Scientific Perspective Categorizes hair growth into anagen, catagen, telogen phases. Identifies molecular pathways of growth. |
| Aspect of Hair Hair Health |
| Ancestral Understanding (Heritage Lens) Holistic view, linking scalp health to overall well-being. Utilized natural ingredients for moisture and protection. |
| Modern Scientific Perspective Investigates microbiome, cellular health, nutrient absorption, and specific compounds for hair and scalp vitality. |
| Aspect of Hair This table highlights how age-old practices often contained empirical truths, later validated by scientific inquiry, underscoring the enduring wisdom embedded in textured hair heritage. |

Ritual
The journey of hair care, particularly for textured hair, extends beyond mere biological understanding into the realm of artistry and community. It is a tapestry of techniques, the purposeful application of tools, and the transformative power of shared practice. Within this rich heritage, ancestral botanical ingredients emerge as the silent, yet powerful, collaborators in crafting styles that were not only beautiful but also culturally profound, often serving as a means of communication, resilience, and connection to one’s lineage.

Protective Styling Encyclopedia Rooted in Ancestry
The diverse range of protective styles seen today has deep ancestral roots, especially within African cultures. Styles like Cornrows, Braids, and Locs were not simply aesthetic choices. They were acts of ingenuity, practicality, and profound cultural expression. In pre-colonial African societies, these styles signified marital status, age, social rank, and even tribal identity.
The meticulous process of braiding or twisting offered a means to protect the hair from environmental elements and daily wear, allowing for length retention. This protective function was understood intuitively, and certain botanical preparations were used to enhance the hair’s strength and pliability during these styling rituals.
An extraordinary historical example of hair as a tool of survival and resistance comes from the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Enslaved African women, forcibly taken to the Americas, continued their braiding traditions. Beyond preserving cultural identity, some incredibly used their cornrows to conceal rice seeds, ensuring the survival of their communities and their agricultural heritage in new, harsh lands. This powerful act underscores the deep connection between hair, tradition, and the preservation of life itself.
The ingenuity extended further, with some historians suggesting that cornrow patterns served as intricate maps for escape routes, allowing enslaved individuals to navigate unfamiliar territories. This speaks to a level of sophisticated cultural coding, where hair became a canvas for silent rebellion and liberation.

Natural Styling and Definition Through Traditional Methods
The pursuit of natural styling and definition for textured hair is not a modern phenomenon. Ancestral communities employed traditional methods to enhance the natural curl patterns and maintain hair health. Plant-based gels, a form of hair-softening preparations, were likely used to provide hold and definition, allowing styles to last longer without causing damage.
The emphasis was always on working with the hair’s inherent nature, rather than against it. This involved using ingredients that imparted moisture and elasticity, recognizing that well-hydrated hair was more cooperative and vibrant.
The art of protective styling, passed down through generations, transformed hair into a silent language of identity and survival.
For example, the women of Chad have long used a preparation with Chebe Powder (a mix of cherry seeds, lavender, resin tree sap, cloves, and stones) alongside natural oils and butters to create a paste applied to the hair lengths. While Chebe powder itself does not directly stimulate hair growth, its remarkable ability to reduce breakage and shedding means that the length naturally grown is retained. This ancestral practice showcases a pragmatic approach to achieving long, healthy hair by focusing on minimizing loss rather than accelerating growth from the scalp. It highlights the wisdom in preserving what one has.

Hair Extensions and Wigs Across Cultures and Eras
The practice of augmenting natural hair with extensions or wigs is also deeply rooted in heritage. In ancient Egypt, elaborate wigs made from human hair, wool, or plant fibers were symbols of status, wealth, and religious devotion. In some African societies, hair extensions made from natural fibers or even human hair were incorporated into intricate styles for ceremonial purposes or to denote various social markers.
These were not merely cosmetic additions; they were integral components of cultural expression, often adorned with beads, cowrie shells, or other precious materials. The care for these extensions, too, would involve natural ingredients to maintain their appearance and integrity, reflecting a continuity of natural hair care principles.

The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit From the Past
The tools employed in ancestral hair care were often simple yet highly effective, crafted from materials readily available in their natural environments. Combs carved from wood or bone, picks designed to gently detangle or lift hair, and various implements for sectioning and styling were commonplace. These tools were extensions of the hands, designed to work harmoniously with textured hair. The communal aspect of hair grooming, where women would gather to style each other’s hair, was also a tool in itself—a means of strengthening bonds, transmitting knowledge, and preserving cultural practices.
Traditional African communities used specific tools for preparing and applying their botanical remedies. Mortars and pestles for grinding herbs, and various vessels for mixing oils and butters, were essential parts of the hair care ritual. The preparation of these ingredients was as much a part of the heritage as their application, involving knowledge of optimal extraction and preservation methods.
For instance, the traditional method for producing Shea Butter involves drying and grinding shea nuts, then boiling the powder to release the butter. This centuries-old process speaks to a sophisticated ancestral understanding of how to harness the properties of natural resources for maximum benefit.
The integration of ancestral botanical ingredients into hair care practices is not just about what was applied, but how it was applied and why. These rituals were steeped in purpose, linking the individual to their lineage and community, a beautiful continuum of heritage expressed through hair.

Relay
The enduring vitality of textured hair finds its fullest expression in the daily rhythms of care, the quiet rituals of the night, and the astute solutions to common concerns, all profoundly guided by ancestral wisdom. The conversation around ancestral botanical ingredients promotes textured hair growth extends into a holistic understanding of well-being, where the health of the scalp and hair are inseparable from one’s overall state of being, a legacy of conscious care passed down through generations.

Personalized Textured Hair Regimens From Ancient Wisdom
Crafting a regimen for textured hair is an intensely personal endeavor, yet the blueprint for such care often lies within the ancestral practices that recognized individuality. Traditional healers and family matriarchs did not offer one-size-fits-all solutions. Instead, their recommendations for hair health and growth were often tailored to the specific needs of an individual, accounting for factors such as age, environment, and even the hair’s response to various natural treatments. This personalized approach mirrors the scientific understanding that different curl patterns and porosities require distinct types of moisture and protein balance.
Ancient Ayurvedic practices, for example, categorize individuals into ‘doshas’ (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and recommend herbs and oils based on these energetic constitutions. This holistic framework suggests that a person’s hair concerns, such as dryness or thinning, are outward manifestations of internal imbalances. Therefore, a treatment for hair growth would involve not only topical applications but also dietary adjustments and lifestyle changes aimed at restoring overall harmony. This comprehensive approach exemplifies a deep ancestral understanding of interconnectedness.

The Nighttime Sanctuary Protecting Hair Heritage
The hours of rest hold a unique significance for textured hair care. Protecting hair during sleep is a practice with historical echoes, evolving into the modern use of silk scarves and satin bonnets. These accessories serve a vital function ❉ minimizing friction against rough pillowcases that can lead to breakage, dryness, and tangling.
Ancestral communities, understanding the preciousness of their hair and the labor involved in its styling, surely employed similar methods of protection, perhaps through intricate nighttime wraps or specially prepared sleeping arrangements. The wisdom behind preserving a style or simply safeguarding the hair’s integrity overnight is a timeless aspect of textured hair care heritage.
This nightly ritual is a silent act of preservation, a continuation of practices designed to honor and maintain the hair’s health. The silk or satin bonnet, in this light, is not merely a modern convenience; it is a direct descendant of the headwraps and coverings that African women used for both protection and dignity, especially during times of oppression. These acts of resistance, even in the private moments of sleep, laid a foundation for the reclamation of Afro-textured hair as a symbol of identity and autonomy.

Botanical Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs
The array of ancestral botanical ingredients used for textured hair growth and health is vast, each carrying unique properties and a rich cultural history. These ingredients, often sourced locally, formed the basis of traditional hair care regimens, passed down through oral traditions and communal practice.
- Shea Butter (Butyrospermum parkii) ❉ Originating from the shea belt in West Africa, this creamy butter has been used for centuries to moisturize and protect skin and hair from harsh climates. Rich in vitamins A and E, it offers intense hydration, seals in moisture, and can aid in stimulating hair growth by nourishing the scalp. Its use is deeply embedded in West African social fabric, from daily essential to ceremonial significance.
- Chebe Powder ❉ Hailing from Chad, Africa, this traditional blend of cherry seeds, lavender, resin tree sap, cloves, and stones is celebrated by Basara women for its remarkable ability to reduce hair breakage and thereby retain length. While it does not directly stimulate growth, its strengthening properties mean hair can grow longer without snapping, giving the appearance of enhanced growth. Scientific studies point to its active components like essential fatty acids, proteins, and antioxidants that deeply nourish the hair cuticle.
- Bhringraj (Eclipta prostrata/alba) ❉ Revered as the ‘King of Hair’ in Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, Bhringraj has been used for thousands of years to promote hair growth, prevent premature greying, and treat scalp ailments. It stimulates hair follicles, nourishes the scalp with iron, vitamin E, and antioxidants, and helps to strengthen hair, reducing breakage. Traditional preparation involves infusing its leaves into carrier oils like coconut or sesame oil.
- Amla (Emblica officinalis) ❉ Also known as Indian Gooseberry, Amla is a cornerstone of Ayurvedic hair care, lauded for its high vitamin C content, antioxidants, and essential nutrients. It strengthens hair roots, reduces hair fall, and prevents premature greying by nourishing follicles and boosting collagen production. Amla was traditionally used in oils, hair masks, and rinses.
- Neem Oil ❉ Derived from the neem tree, indigenous to India, this oil possesses strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It cleanses the scalp, reduces dandruff and itchiness, and nourishes hair follicles, thereby encouraging healthier hair growth. Neem oil is also known to strengthen the hair shaft, reducing breakage.
- Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) ❉ An adaptogenic herb prominent in Ayurveda, Ashwagandha supports overall well-being by reducing stress, which is a common contributor to hair loss. It stimulates keratin production, improves blood circulation to the scalp, and offers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits that nourish hair follicles. A recent study demonstrated that topical application of Ashwagandha serum significantly reduced hair shedding and enhanced hair density, growth, and thickness over 75 days. (Al-Saeedi et al. 2023, p. 7).

Addressing Textured Hair Concerns With Ancestral Wisdom
Many common textured hair challenges, such as dryness, breakage, and scalp irritation, found their remedies in ancestral botanical knowledge. For instance, the consistent use of natural butters and oils like Shea Butter was a direct response to the inherent need for moisture in textured hair, which can be prone to dryness due to its coiled structure. Similarly, the antimicrobial properties of herbs like Neem would have been intuitively applied to address scalp issues long before modern understanding of fungal infections. These practices were not random; they were observed, refined, and passed down as effective solutions.
Ancestral wisdom offers a holistic path to textured hair health, blending botanical remedies with mindful, personalized care.
The emphasis in ancestral care was on prevention and gentle restoration, rather than harsh treatments. This aligns with a contemporary understanding of textured hair’s delicate nature. The use of nourishing masks, scalp massages with warmed oils, and herbal rinses aimed to create a healthy environment for hair to thrive, reducing the likelihood of common concerns before they became severe problems.

Holistic Influences on Hair Health From the Ancestors
Ancestral wellness philosophies rarely separated physical health from spiritual and emotional well-being. Hair, often considered a sacred part of the body and a channel to the divine, was cared for with this holistic view. The nutritional density of diets in many ancestral communities, rich in unrefined foods and local produce, directly contributed to hair health from within.
Practices like mindful hair grooming, communal styling sessions, and the respectful harvesting of botanicals all speak to a deeper connection to self, community, and the earth. This comprehensive approach to hair care, where internal and external factors were considered in concert, is a profound gift from our heritage, reminding us that true radiance stems from a balanced self.

Relay
The exploration of what ancestral botanical ingredients promote textured hair growth reaches its most profound depths when we consider the interplay of scientific inquiry, cultural context, and the unbroken chain of traditional knowledge. This is where the wisdom of the past, grounded in observation and empirical use, finds validation and new dimensions through contemporary research, offering a truly enlightened perspective on hair health and heritage.

The Science Behind Ancestral Botanicals and Hair Structure
The unique properties of textured hair, with its varying curl patterns and often higher porosity, make it susceptible to moisture loss and breakage. Ancestral ingredients, through generations of trial and refinement, were chosen precisely for their ability to counteract these tendencies. For instance, the fatty acid profiles in Shea Butter provide not just surface lubrication but can also penetrate the hair shaft, reinforcing its lipid layers and reducing water loss.
Research has shown that these botanical compounds, rich in lipids and proteins, help fortify the hair’s cuticle, making strands more resistant to environmental stressors and mechanical damage. This scientific lens affirms the efficacy of ancient practices that prioritized deep moisturization.
Similarly, the high vitamin C content in Amla is now understood to be a potent antioxidant, protecting hair follicles from oxidative stress that can impede growth and accelerate greying. This scientific understanding aligns with Ayurvedic texts that lauded amla as a ‘Rasayana’ or rejuvenating herb. The intersection of modern biochemical analysis and centuries-old traditional applications reveals a sophisticated, albeit intuitively developed, pharmacopoeia for hair health.

How Botanicals Support Hair Follicle Health and Growth?
The core of hair growth resides within the hair follicle, nestled in the scalp. Ancestral ingredients often targeted this vital site, even without explicit knowledge of follicular biology. Consider Bhringraj, the ‘King of Hair’ in Ayurveda.
Studies indicate its ability to stimulate hair follicles, promoting healthy growth and combating hair loss. This is linked to its rich profile of nutrients like iron, vitamin E, and antioxidants, which directly nourish the scalp and encourage robust follicular activity.
Furthermore, the adaptogenic qualities of Ashwagandha, recognized for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, are now being investigated for their effect on stress-induced hair loss. Stress elevates cortisol levels, which can prematurely push hair follicles into a resting phase. By reducing cortisol, Ashwagandha creates a more favorable environment for sustained hair growth.
A prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that topical application of Ashwagandha serum significantly reduced hair shedding and enhanced hair density, growth, and thickness. This rigorous data provides a powerful modern affirmation of ancient wisdom.
The antimicrobial properties of Neem Oil, another botanical with deep roots in Indian traditional medicine, contribute directly to scalp health by combating issues like dandruff and bacterial imbalances. A healthy, clear scalp is the foundation for strong hair growth, as it ensures follicles are unhindered and well-nourished. This connection between scalp microbiome balance and hair vitality is a prime example of how ancestral remedies intuitively addressed complex biological processes.
| Botanical Ingredient Shea Butter |
| Primary Traditional Use Moisturizing skin and hair, protecting from sun and wind. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair Rich in fatty acids and vitamins A/E, it offers deep hydration and cuticle protection, reducing moisture loss. |
| Botanical Ingredient Chebe Powder |
| Primary Traditional Use Reducing hair breakage, allowing for length retention. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair Contains proteins and fatty acids that fortify the hair cuticle, increasing resistance to breakage, supporting perceived growth. |
| Botanical Ingredient Bhringraj |
| Primary Traditional Use Promoting hair growth, preventing premature greying, scalp health. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair Stimulates follicles with antioxidants and nutrients; improves scalp blood circulation, supporting healthy growth. |
| Botanical Ingredient Amla |
| Primary Traditional Use Strengthening hair roots, reducing hair fall, enriching hair texture. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair High in Vitamin C and antioxidants, boosts collagen, protects against oxidative damage, and strengthens hair shafts. |
| Botanical Ingredient Neem Oil |
| Primary Traditional Use Treating scalp infections, reducing dandruff, promoting growth. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds support a healthy scalp environment for follicular function. |
| Botanical Ingredient Ashwagandha |
| Primary Traditional Use Stress reduction, overall vitality, hair loss prevention. |
| Scientific Mechanism for Textured Hair Adaptogenic effects lower cortisol (stress hormone), stimulate keratin production, and improve scalp blood flow. |
| Botanical Ingredient This table illustrates the scientific underpinnings of ancestral hair care practices, validating the profound knowledge held within various cultural heritages. |

Connecting Heritage and Efficacy in Hair Care
The conversation surrounding ancestral botanical ingredients is not merely about listing components. It is about honoring a continuum of knowledge, a sophisticated understanding of botanical properties that predates modern laboratories. The efficacy of these ingredients, long proven through generations of empirical use within diverse cultural traditions, now stands reinforced by scientific data. This dual validation — the persistent success witnessed in communal practice and the molecular explanations offered by science — solidifies their authority and value.
For individuals with textured hair, this knowledge is particularly liberating. It provides access to remedies that are not only potent but also deeply connected to their lineage. Choosing to use Shea Butter, for example, is not simply selecting a moisturizer; it is engaging in a centuries-old tradition that connects one to the resourceful women of West Africa who first harvested and processed this sacred nut. Similarly, incorporating Bhringraj or Amla into a hair regimen acknowledges and participates in the rich Ayurvedic heritage of India.
This deeper understanding of ancestral botanical ingredients is not just a historical footnote. It is a guide for the present and a compass for the future of textured hair care, allowing us to select products and practices that are both scientifically sound and culturally resonant. It allows for a reclamation of narrative, where the beauty and resilience of textured hair are seen through the lens of its profound and powerful heritage.

Reflection
In tracing the lineage of textured hair care, from the elemental biology of the strand to the intricate rituals that shape its presentation, we witness a profound meditation on heritage. The journey through ancestral botanical ingredients, which have long promoted the health and growth of textured hair, illuminates an unbroken chain of wisdom. Each plant, each practice, carries the echoes of countless generations, a living, breathing archive passed down through touch, story, and intuition.
The ‘Soul of a Strand’ ethos finds its deepest meaning here. It recognizes that our hair is not just keratin and protein; it is a conduit to our past, a symbol of resistance, and a testament to enduring beauty. The choices we make in caring for our textured hair today, informed by these ancient botanicals and their validated efficacy, are acts of honoring this legacy. They are conversations across time, affirming the ingenuity of those who came before us, and ensuring that the luminous heritage of textured hair continues to shine brightly for generations yet to come.
References
- Al-Saeedi, S. A. Aljuhani, Y. S. Al-Otaibi, M. S. & Al-Zahrani, A. A. (2023). Preclinical and Clinical Studies Demonstrate That the Proprietary Herbal Extract DA-5512 Effectively Stimulates Hair Growth and Promotes Hair Health. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2023.
- Byrd, A. D. & Tharps, L. (2014). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
- Diop, C. A. (Year unknown). The African Origin of Civilization ❉ Myth or Reality. Lawrence Hill Books. (Cited in a source, assumed book)
- Falconi, L. (Year unknown). Botanical Ingredients for Cosmetics ❉ A Handbook for Practitioners. (Cited in a source, assumed book)
- Kerharo, J. (Year unknown). La Pharmacopée Sénégalaise Traditionnelle ❉ Plantes Médicinales et Toxiques. (Cited in a source, assumed book)
- Tharps, L. & Byrd, A. D. (2001). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press. (Cited multiple times as co-author of ‘Hair Story’)
- White, S. & White, D. (1995). Slave Narratives. W. W. Norton & Company. (Cited in a source, assumed book)