Roots
To truly comprehend the living stories etched into each curl, coil, and wave, we must journey to the wellspring of their being. Textured hair, particularly within Black and mixed-race communities, carries far more than mere biological composition; it holds a profound archive of cultural heritage, a testament to ancestral wisdom, and a canvas upon which identity has been continually expressed, resisted, and redefined. This exploration seeks to uncover how the echoes from the source, the very elemental biology and ancient practices, continue to shape the modern textured hair identity. It is an invitation to witness the enduring legacy of a hair type that has, against all odds, maintained its inherent dignity and symbolic power across millennia.
The Anatomy of Ancestry
The distinctive characteristics of textured hair begin at its very root, within the follicular architecture that sets it apart. Unlike straight or wavy hair, the hair follicle responsible for textured strands is typically elliptical or flat in cross-section. This unique shape causes the hair shaft to grow in a curvilinear path, forming the characteristic curls, coils, and kinks.
The density of hair follicles on the scalp can also differ, contributing to the voluminous appearance often associated with textured hair. Moreover, the cuticle, the outermost protective layer of the hair shaft, tends to be more open in textured hair, making it more susceptible to moisture loss and breakage if not cared for with intention and understanding.
This biological blueprint, while seemingly a neutral scientific fact, has been imbued with immense cultural meaning. For centuries, diverse African societies developed intricate systems of care and adornment that recognized and honored these inherent qualities. They understood the hair’s propensity for dryness and crafted rich, natural emollients from their surroundings.
They intuitively grasped the need for gentle handling and devised styling techniques that minimized stress on the delicate strands. This ancestral knowledge, passed down through generations, represents an early form of hair science, born from observation, communal practice, and a deep reverence for the body.
Traditional Classifications of Hair
Before modern hair typing systems emerged, African communities possessed their own sophisticated methods of categorizing hair, not merely by curl pattern, but by its symbolic weight and social function. These traditional classifications were interwoven with a person’s life stage, tribal affiliation, marital status, and even spiritual beliefs. For example, in many West African societies, one could discern a person’s family background, tribe, or social standing simply by observing their hairstyle.
The ancient roots of textured hair identity lie not just in biology, but in the profound cultural meanings ascribed to each strand across generations.
The advent of colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade introduced a stark, dehumanizing reclassification of textured hair. Terms like “kinky” and “wooly,” once neutral descriptors or even terms of beauty within African contexts, were weaponized to demean and subjugate. This imposition of Eurocentric beauty standards created a “good hair” versus “bad hair” dichotomy, deeply scarring the collective psyche of Black and mixed-race communities and forcing many to chemically alter their hair to align with oppressive norms.
The Essential Lexicon of Textured Hair Heritage
The language surrounding textured hair today is a complex blend of inherited traditional terms, scientific nomenclature, and expressions born from the natural hair movement. To truly understand its heritage, we must acknowledge the historical journey of these words. Many traditional African societies had specific terms for various hairstyles, tools, and care practices, often linked to their spiritual or social significance. While many of these specific terms were lost or suppressed during the diaspora, the spirit of naming and recognizing the unique qualities of textured hair persisted.
Consider the word locs, a term that refers to hair that has been matted and sculpted into rope-like strands. While modern locs have gained popularity, their origins trace back thousands of years across various cultures, including ancient Egypt, where Queen Tiye was depicted with an afro style, and in Hindu scripture from 2500 BC, where the god Shiva wore “jataa,” twisted locks.
Another example is cornrows, a braiding technique with depictions found in Stone Age paintings in the Tassili Plateau of the Sahara dating back to 3000 B.C. These were not merely decorative; enslaved people used cornrows to create coded messages and even maps for escape, braiding rice and seeds into their hair for survival.
The language we use to describe textured hair today, from “coily” to “kinky,” carries the weight of this past. It is a lexicon that, while sometimes influenced by historical prejudices, is increasingly reclaimed and celebrated as a means of affirming identity and acknowledging the biological diversity of human hair. This reclamation reflects a deeper reconnection with ancestral pride and a rejection of imposed beauty ideals.
Hair Growth Cycles and Ancestral Influences
The natural cycle of hair growth ❉ anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (resting) ❉ is universal. However, the manifestation of these cycles and the overall health of textured hair can be profoundly influenced by environmental factors, nutritional practices, and the historical contexts in which communities lived. Ancestral populations, often living in close harmony with their environment, developed diets rich in nutrients that supported hair health. They utilized local plants, oils, and minerals for their restorative and protective properties, understanding the interconnectedness of internal well-being and external appearance.
For instance, traditional African diets, abundant in diverse plant-based foods, provided essential vitamins and minerals that supported healthy hair growth. The use of natural ingredients like shea butter and argan oil, sourced directly from the earth, reflects an ancestral understanding of emollients and their role in maintaining moisture and elasticity in hair that is naturally prone to dryness. These practices, born from necessity and intimate knowledge of the land, speak to a holistic approach to wellness where hair care was not separate from overall health, but an integral part of it.
Ritual
As we turn from the foundational understanding of textured hair, a new landscape unfurls before us ❉ one where hands move with intention, where ancient techniques meet contemporary expression, and where the very act of styling becomes a dialogue with the past. How does cultural heritage shape modern textured hair identity through the art and science of its styling? This inquiry invites us to step into a realm where tradition and innovation intertwine, where the echoes of communal practices resonate in every twist, braid, and coil, guiding our understanding of textured hair as a living, breathing aspect of self. It is a space where shared ancestral knowledge continues to inform and enrich our present-day routines, honoring the enduring spirit of Black and mixed-race hair traditions.
Protective Styling Echoes from the Past
The practice of protective styling, so prevalent in modern textured hair care, is deeply rooted in ancestral methods developed across the African continent. These styles, designed to shield delicate ends, minimize manipulation, and retain moisture, were not merely functional; they were statements of identity, social standing, and spiritual connection. Cornrows, box braids, twists, and Bantu knots, while celebrated today for their aesthetic appeal and hair health benefits, carry a profound historical weight.
In pre-colonial African societies, hairstyles conveyed intricate messages. A woman’s braids could signify her marital status, age, or even her readiness for childbearing. The Himba people of Namibia, for example, wore dreadlocked styles coated with red ochre paste, symbolizing their connection to the earth and their ancestors. The Yoruba people of Nigeria crafted elaborate hairstyles that spoke of community roles and spiritual beliefs.
During the transatlantic slave trade, when individuals were forcibly stripped of their possessions and often their hair, these styling techniques became a clandestine means of resistance and cultural preservation. Enslaved women, deprived of traditional tools, used whatever was available ❉ grease, butter, even metal ornaments meant for sheep ❉ to care for their hair, and braiding persisted as a quiet act of defiance. The very act of styling hair became a communal activity, strengthening bonds and maintaining a sense of cultural continuity in hostile environments.
Natural Styling and Definition: Honoring Original Form
The contemporary natural hair movement, a powerful resurgence of self-acceptance and pride, finds its roots in ancestral practices that celebrated textured hair in its unadulterated state. Before the imposition of European beauty standards, natural hair was not “managed” or “tamed” but adorned, shaped, and revered. The very texture of the hair, with its inherent volume and curl, was seen as a marker of beauty and identity.
The movement in the 1960s and 70s, spurred by the “Black Is Beautiful” ideology, saw the Afro hairstyle become a powerful symbol of Black pride and unity, a direct statement against Eurocentric beauty norms. Icons like Angela Davis wore their Afros as an emblem of resistance and empowerment. This was not merely a style; it was a political stance, a reclamation of self and heritage.
Modern techniques for defining curls and coils, such as wash-and-gos, twist-outs, and braid-outs, echo the desire to enhance and celebrate the hair’s natural form. While contemporary products offer new avenues for moisture and hold, the underlying principle of working with the hair’s inherent structure, rather than against it, resonates with the ancestral understanding of textured hair. This reverence for natural texture is a direct lineage from communities who saw their hair as a sacred extension of their being.
Wigs and Hair Extensions: A Historical Perspective
The use of wigs and hair extensions, often perceived as modern trends, also possesses a rich historical context within textured hair heritage. In ancient Egypt, both elite men and women wore elaborate wigs made from human hair, wool, and plant fibers, adorned with gold and beads, signifying wealth and social status. These were not merely for aesthetic purposes but also held spiritual and religious significance, believed to offer protection.
During the diaspora, and particularly after the transatlantic slave trade, wigs and extensions took on different meanings. For some, they became a means of survival, a way to conform to imposed beauty standards in order to gain employment or avoid discrimination. Madam C.J.
Walker, a Black woman, popularized the hair-straightening comb and products in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, becoming a millionaire by catering to the demand for straightened hair as a signal of middle-class status. However, for others, particularly free Creole women of color in cities like New Orleans, elaborate hairstyles, sometimes incorporating extensions, were a display of status and defiance, even leading to the “Tignon Laws” that required them to cover their hair as a mark of enslaved status.
Today, wigs and extensions serve a multitude of purposes for those with textured hair: protective styling, versatility in expression, and a means of experimenting with different looks without altering one’s natural hair. This contemporary use, while having modern motivations, is undeniably shaped by a long history of adaptation, resistance, and self-expression through hair adornment.
How Did Historical Hair Tools Shape Modern Practices?
The tools used for textured hair care have evolved significantly, yet many modern implements draw inspiration from ancestral designs. Traditional African communities crafted combs, pins, and adornments from natural materials like wood, bone, and ivory. These tools were often imbued with cultural or spiritual significance, reflecting the artistry and reverence for hair within those societies. The unique wide-toothed structure of many traditional African combs, for instance, was essential for detangling fragile textured hair without causing damage.
- Traditional Combs ❉ Often carved from wood or bone, these combs featured widely spaced teeth to gently detangle dense, coily hair, a design principle still applied in modern wide-tooth combs.
- Hair Threading Tools ❉ Ancient practices involved threading hair with fibers or yarn to create intricate styles or stretch hair, a technique that finds echoes in modern banding or tension methods for stretching curls.
- Adornments ❉ Beads, cowrie shells, and other natural elements were used to decorate hairstyles, conveying messages about wealth, status, or tribal identity. This tradition continues in the modern use of hair jewelry and accessories.
The “Afrocomb,” rediscovered and popularized in the 1960s, represented a reconnection with an ancient hair care tool, symbolizing a resurgence of Black self-esteem and pride. The evolution of these tools, from ancient combs to modern detangling brushes, illustrates a continuous quest for effective and gentle hair care, always informed by the unique needs of textured hair and its rich heritage.
Relay
What hidden narratives, what profound interconnections, does cultural heritage reveal when we consider the enduring journey of textured hair identity? This inquiry calls us to a deeper understanding, moving beyond surface observations to examine the intricate interplay of biology, societal forces, and the resilient spirit that has shaped textured hair through time. Here, we confront the complex layers of meaning embedded within each strand, exploring how scientific insight validates ancestral wisdom and how the politics of hair continue to influence personal and collective narratives, all through the lens of a rich and often challenging heritage.
Building Personalized Regimens: A Legacy of Adaptation
The concept of a personalized hair regimen, so prevalent in contemporary textured hair care, is not a novel invention but a modern iteration of ancestral adaptation. Across diverse African climates and lifestyles, communities developed highly localized and individualized approaches to hair care, utilizing the flora and fauna of their immediate environments. This was a sophisticated, intuitive ethnobotany, where knowledge of plants and their properties was passed down through oral tradition and practical application. They understood that hair health was intrinsically linked to overall well-being, a holistic philosophy that predates modern wellness movements.
For instance, the consistent use of natural oils and butters, such as shea butter from West Africa or argan oil from Morocco, was a response to the hair’s natural need for moisture and protection against environmental stressors. These ingredients were not merely topical applications; they were part of a broader understanding of sustenance and healing. The rituals surrounding their application often involved communal gatherings, reinforcing social bonds and transmitting knowledge from elders to younger generations.
The modern emphasis on understanding one’s specific hair porosity, density, and curl pattern to tailor a regimen is a scientific validation of this historical approach. It recognizes that textured hair is not monolithic, echoing the ancestral understanding that individual and communal hair care practices varied significantly across different tribes and regions. This historical continuity underscores that effective textured hair care has always been about attuned observation and responsive nurturing, a direct inheritance from those who lived intimately with their environment and their bodies.
The Nighttime Sanctuary: Bonnet Wisdom and Historical Basis
The seemingly simple act of covering textured hair at night with a bonnet or scarf holds a deep historical and practical significance, directly linked to ancestral wisdom concerning hair preservation. Textured hair, with its unique structure, is particularly susceptible to friction and moisture loss, especially during sleep. The practice of wrapping or covering hair at night was a pragmatic solution to these challenges, long before satin-lined bonnets became a common accessory.
While specific historical documentation on nighttime hair coverings across all African cultures can be sparse, the widespread use of headwraps and various forms of hair protection during the day in many African societies suggests an inherent understanding of the need to shield hair from environmental damage and maintain its integrity. Headwraps, for example, were worn by enslaved individuals in the United States not only to protect their hair from harsh conditions but also as a subtle act of defiance against European beauty standards. This practice, born of necessity and resistance, laid a foundation for contemporary protective measures.
The modern satin or silk bonnet, a seemingly simple garment, serves as a direct descendant of this ancestral wisdom. Its smooth surface reduces friction, preventing tangles, breakage, and moisture evaporation, thereby preserving delicate curl patterns and promoting overall hair health. This seemingly mundane item is a testament to the enduring practicality of traditional hair care, adapted for modern convenience while retaining its core protective purpose, connecting daily ritual to a legacy of resilience.
Traditional Ingredients: Validation through Modern Science
The ancestral pharmacopoeia of hair care, rich with natural ingredients, finds compelling validation in contemporary scientific understanding. Many plants, oils, and minerals traditionally used for textured hair possess properties that modern science now identifies as beneficial for hair health. This intersection of ancient wisdom and current research highlights the ingenuity of past generations.
Consider the following examples of traditional ingredients and their scientific resonance:
- Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa): Sourced from the nuts of the African shea tree, this butter has been a staple for centuries. Modern science confirms its richness in fatty acids and vitamins A and E, providing deep moisture, reducing inflammation on the scalp, and offering a protective barrier for hair strands. Its emollient properties are particularly beneficial for preventing dryness and breakage in textured hair.
- Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera): Used across many tropical regions where textured hair thrives, coconut oil’s unique molecular structure allows it to penetrate the hair shaft, reducing protein loss and providing deep conditioning. This scientific understanding aligns with its historical use for strengthening and softening hair.
- Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller): Employed for its soothing and healing properties for both skin and hair, aloe vera contains enzymes that can repair dead skin cells on the scalp, along with proteolytic enzymes that promote healthy hair growth. Its historical application for scalp ailments is now supported by its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing capabilities.
The efficacy of these traditional ingredients, once understood through generations of observation and practice, is now explained by their chemical composition and biological interactions. This convergence underscores a powerful truth: ancestral knowledge was often empirically sound, a testament to deep, sustained engagement with the natural world. The re-integration of these ingredients into modern hair care formulations is not merely a trend; it is a homecoming, a recognition of enduring wisdom.
The wisdom of ancestral hair care, often rooted in botanical knowledge, finds compelling echoes in modern scientific discovery.
How Does Textured Hair History Inform Problem Solving?
The challenges faced by textured hair ❉ dryness, breakage, tangling, and scalp issues ❉ are not new phenomena. Ancestral communities, lacking modern laboratories, developed ingenious solutions based on their understanding of the hair and its environment. Their problem-solving methods, steeped in communal practice and natural remedies, provide a profound historical lens through which to approach contemporary hair concerns.
For example, the widespread practice of braiding and twisting in pre-colonial Africa was a direct response to the need to protect hair from environmental damage and reduce tangling. These styles, inherently “protective,” minimized daily manipulation, which is a key factor in preventing breakage in textured hair. The historical understanding of hair as fragile and requiring gentle handling directly informs modern advice on low-manipulation styles and detangling techniques.
During the era of slavery, when traditional tools and products were stripped away, enslaved people continued to problem-solve with resourcefulness. They used natural greases and butters for lubrication and detangling, demonstrating an enduring adaptive spirit in maintaining hair health under oppressive conditions. This resilience in the face of adversity, this relentless pursuit of hair care despite systemic attempts to erase cultural practices, stands as a powerful testament to the inherent value placed on textured hair within Black communities.
Moreover, the communal aspect of hair care, where women would gather to braid each other’s hair and exchange stories and advice, served as a vital mechanism for sharing problem-solving strategies and reinforcing collective knowledge. This communal legacy is mirrored in the modern natural hair movement, where online communities and social media platforms serve as virtual gathering spaces for sharing tips, product recommendations, and support, continuing a centuries-old tradition of collective learning and empowerment.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health: Ancestral Wellness Philosophies
The ancestral approach to hair health was rarely isolated from overall physical, spiritual, and communal well-being. Hair was seen as an extension of the self, a conduit to the divine, and a reflection of one’s inner state. This holistic perspective, where hair care was intertwined with spiritual beliefs, social status, and communal identity, offers profound lessons for modern wellness.
In many ancient African cultures, hair, particularly the crown of the head, was considered sacred, a point of entry for spiritual energy and a direct connection to ancestors and the divine. This belief elevated hair care beyond mere aesthetics, making it a ritualistic act of reverence and connection. The elaborate styles worn by royalty or spiritual leaders were not just symbols of power but also believed to enhance divine communication.
The practice of hair shaving for mourning or rites of passage in various African tribes illustrates the deep symbolic connection between hair and life events, signifying transitions and spiritual states. This contrasts sharply with a purely aesthetic view of hair, reminding us that its meaning can extend into profound existential realms.
The modern emphasis on “holistic hair wellness,” which considers diet, stress, sleep, and mental health as integral to hair vitality, echoes these ancestral philosophies. It acknowledges that true hair health stems from a balanced inner and outer existence, a concept deeply ingrained in traditional African wellness systems. The journey of textured hair identity, then, is not merely about styling techniques or products; it is about reclaiming a holistic understanding of self, rooted in a vibrant and enduring heritage.
Relay
How does cultural heritage, in its multifaceted expressions, not merely inform but actively sculpt the contemporary understanding and affirmation of textured hair identity, moving beyond the personal to shape collective narratives and even future traditions? This advanced inquiry calls us to consider the intricate dance between historical memory, socio-political currents, and the ongoing redefinition of beauty, all converging upon the unique helix of textured hair. Here, we peel back layers to uncover the less apparent complexities, where science, cultural anthropology, and the enduring spirit of heritage intertwine to illuminate a profound story of resilience and self-determination.
The Sociopolitical Threads of Textured Hair Identity
The journey of textured hair identity is inextricably bound to sociopolitical struggles, particularly for Black and mixed-race communities across the diaspora. The historical subjugation of textured hair, often deemed “unprofessional” or “unacceptable” by Eurocentric standards, served as a tool of oppression, aiming to strip individuals of their cultural ties and self-worth. This forced conformity, often through chemical straightening, was a profound act of cultural violence, severing a visible connection to ancestral heritage.
The emergence of the natural hair movement, particularly its powerful resurgence in the 2000s, stands as a direct act of resistance against these ingrained prejudices. It is a collective declaration of self-acceptance and pride, a reclaiming of ancestral beauty. This movement is not simply about aesthetics; it is a sociopolitical statement, asserting the inherent dignity and beauty of textured hair and, by extension, the individuals who wear it.
A powerful case study illuminating this connection is the CROWN Act (Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair). As of 2023, twenty-three states in the United States have passed this law, prohibiting race-based hair discrimination in workplaces and public schools. This legislative action directly addresses the historical and ongoing discrimination faced by individuals with textured hair, recognizing that such discrimination is a manifestation of racial bias. The very existence of such legislation underscores the deep societal impact of cultural heritage on modern textured hair identity, revealing how deeply rooted historical biases continue to influence contemporary experiences and how collective action can push for legal recognition of cultural rights.
This legal recognition is a significant step in dismantling the systemic barriers that have historically marginalized textured hair. It signals a societal shift towards valuing diverse forms of beauty and acknowledging the cultural significance of hair beyond mere appearance. The CROWN Act represents a tangible outcome of decades of activism and advocacy, demonstrating how the legacy of cultural heritage can drive profound social change.
Does Hair Morphology Influence Cultural Perception?
The biological morphology of textured hair, characterized by its elliptical cross-section and unique curl patterns, has not only influenced care practices but also profoundly shaped cultural perceptions and, unfortunately, biases. The scientific reality of textured hair’s natural dryness and fragility, stemming from its structure, was historically misinterpreted and weaponized as a sign of “bad” or “unruly” hair. This mischaracterization served to justify discrimination and reinforce a hierarchy of hair textures.
However, within African cultures, these very morphological characteristics were often celebrated. The volume, spring, and versatility of textured hair allowed for an astonishing array of intricate styles, each conveying specific cultural messages. The ability of textured hair to hold braids, twists, and sculpted forms was a testament to its unique qualities, leading to highly artistic and symbolic coiffures.
The scientific understanding of hair structure, when viewed through a heritage lens, allows for a re-appreciation of these historical practices. For example, the tight coiling of hair creates natural protective barriers, and the methods developed to maintain moisture and prevent breakage were sophisticated responses to these biological realities. Modern hair science, by explaining the mechanisms of moisture retention and cuticle health in textured hair, can validate the efficacy of ancestral practices that intuitively addressed these needs. This convergence of scientific understanding and cultural knowledge fosters a deeper respect for both the biology and the heritage of textured hair.
The legal strides of the CROWN Act reveal how deeply cultural heritage and historical bias shape modern textured hair identity.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Hair Wisdom
The cultural heritage of textured hair identity is not a static relic of the past; it is a living tradition, transmitted across generations through intimate rituals and shared knowledge. This intergenerational relay of hair wisdom is a powerful mechanism for preserving cultural memory, fostering identity, and building community resilience. From mothers braiding their daughters’ hair, sharing stories and techniques, to communal styling sessions, the act of hair care has always been a conduit for cultural transmission.
This transmission extends beyond mere technique, encompassing philosophical understandings of hair as a spiritual entity, a marker of identity, and a canvas for self-expression. The spiritual significance of hair as a connection to the divine, as believed by many African societies, was often imparted during these intimate styling moments.
The challenges of the diaspora, including forced assimilation and the loss of traditional languages, made hair one of the few tangible links to ancestral lands and practices. Despite attempts to erase these traditions, the knowledge of how to care for and style textured hair persisted, often in modified forms, through the sheer will of communities to maintain their heritage. This enduring practice, even under duress, speaks to the profound significance of hair as a vessel for collective memory and identity.
In contemporary society, this intergenerational transmission takes on new forms, with digital platforms supplementing traditional oral histories. Social media, for instance, has become a powerful tool for sharing textured hair knowledge, connecting individuals across continents and allowing for a global exchange of styling techniques, product recommendations, and cultural insights. This digital relay ensures that the heritage of textured hair continues to evolve and remain vibrant for future generations.
Hair as a Medium of Cultural Expression and Resistance
Textured hair has served as a potent medium for cultural expression and political resistance throughout history. Its malleability and distinctive appearance have allowed it to become a canvas for communicating complex social, spiritual, and political messages. This goes beyond mere aesthetics; it speaks to the agency and resilience of individuals and communities in asserting their identity in the face of adversity.
During periods of oppression, such as slavery and colonialism, hairstyles became a silent language, conveying coded messages or acting as symbols of defiance. The wearing of headwraps by enslaved women, for example, was a practical measure but also a subtle act of resistance against imposed beauty standards. Later, the Afro during the Civil Rights Movement became a powerful symbol of Black pride and a rejection of Eurocentric norms.
The cultural significance of hair as a form of art and communication continues today. Intricate braiding patterns, locs, and other natural styles are not just fashion choices; they are statements of heritage, self-love, and cultural affirmation. Artists and designers often use textured hair as a central theme in their work, exploring themes of identity, history, and empowerment. This ongoing artistic and personal expression ensures that textured hair remains a dynamic and powerful element in the broader cultural landscape, continually reflecting and shaping modern identity.
Reflection
The journey through textured hair’s identity is a profound meditation on its enduring spirit, a testament to the resilience woven into every coil and curve. From the deepest roots of ancestral lands, where hair was a sacred conduit to the divine and a vibrant tapestry of social meaning, to the complex, often challenging, landscape of modern existence, textured hair has carried the weight of history and the promise of self-definition. It stands as a living archive, each strand holding the echoes of ancient rituals, the whispers of communal care, and the shouts of defiant self-expression.
This heritage, far from being a static relic, is a dynamic force, continually shaping how individuals perceive and present themselves, how communities connect, and how beauty is redefined. The ‘Soul of a Strand’ truly lives in this unbroken lineage, a luminous thread connecting past, present, and the unfolding future of textured hair identity.
References
- Byrd, A. D. & Tharps, L. (2014). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
- Omotoso, S. A. (2018). Gender and Hair Politics: An African Philosophical Analysis. Journal of Pan African Studies.
- Patton, T. O. (2006). Hey Girl, Am I More than My Hair?: African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair. NWSA Journal, 18(2), 24-51.
- Wilder, R. (2015). Colorism: The Unequal Treatment of Individuals within the Same Racial or Ethnic Group Based on Skin Color. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- Morrow, W. L. (1971). 400 Years Without A Comb. Morrow’s Unlimited.