How does CROWN Act protect textured hair?

Roots

For generations, the very coils and kinks that crown the heads of Black and mixed-race individuals have held stories, whispered ancestral wisdom, and stood as silent declarations of identity. Yet, these vibrant expressions of heritage have often been met with misunderstanding, judgment, and outright exclusion in spaces meant for growth and opportunity. It is into this deeply personal landscape that the CROWN Act arrives, a legislative shield designed to protect the inherent dignity of textured hair.

This act does not simply address superficial appearance; it safeguards a living archive of identity, culture, and resilience, recognizing that what grows from our scalps is profoundly connected to who we are and where we come from. Its passage marks a pivotal moment, a legal affirmation that the rich legacy of textured hair, with its diverse forms and profound cultural significance, deserves protection from the narrow confines of imposed norms.

The Hair’s Ancient Architecture

To truly grasp how the CROWN Act provides a shield, one must first understand the remarkable architecture of textured hair itself, a marvel shaped by millennia of ancestral adaptation and environmental dialogue. Unlike straight hair, which typically possesses a circular cross-section, textured hair often exhibits an elliptical or even flattened shape. This unique geometry, coupled with an uneven distribution of keratin proteins, causes the hair strand to curl, coil, or zig-zag as it grows.

Each twist and turn, each defined pattern, represents a genetic inheritance, a biological echo of journeys across continents and through diverse climates. This structural difference, while beautiful and adaptive, has historically been mislabeled and misunderstood, leading to the perception of natural styles as “unruly” or “unprofessional” in contexts that prioritize Eurocentric hair aesthetics.

From an ancestral viewpoint, the varying textures were not merely cosmetic attributes; they were deeply interwoven with survival and social cohesion. Hair served as a protective barrier against harsh sun and dust, and its density provided insulation. The care and styling of hair became a communal practice, a transfer of knowledge and connection from elder to youth. Understanding this biological blueprint, therefore, is not a dry scientific exercise, but a recognition of a heritage that informs every strand.

How Do Hair Classification Systems Reflect Heritage and Bias?

The very systems used to classify textured hair, while appearing scientific, often carry the subtle weight of historical biases that the CROWN Act seeks to counteract. Modern systems, such as those categorizing hair from Type 1 (straight) to Type 4 (coily), offer a framework for understanding curl patterns. However, their historical predecessors, particularly those born from colonial and post-slavery eras, frequently positioned textured hair as less desirable or “good” hair, fostering an internalized devaluation.

This societal conditioning, rooted in centuries of imposed beauty standards, meant that hair closest to European textures was often deemed more acceptable, perpetuating a hierarchy that disregarded the inherent beauty and strength of tightly coiled or braided styles. The CROWN Act directly confronts this historical bias by legislating against discrimination based on hair texture and protective styles, acknowledging that these classifications should never be grounds for exclusion.

The CROWN Act safeguards the inherent dignity of textured hair, recognizing its profound connection to identity and cultural heritage.

Consider the term “kinky,” which for generations carried a derogatory connotation. Within the framework of textured hair heritage, “kinky” describes a natural, tight curl pattern, often with a zig-zag formation, a characteristic of many African hair types. The reclamation of such terms, alongside the legal protections of the CROWN Act, works to dismantle the historical stigma and affirm the natural state of Black hair as professional and beautiful.

The Living Language of Textured Hair

The lexicon surrounding textured hair is a vibrant, living testament to its enduring heritage. Words are not mere labels; they carry the weight of experience, tradition, and cultural meaning. Many terms associated with textured hair have roots in African languages or have been coined within diasporic communities, reflecting specific styling practices, historical moments, or ancestral beliefs. These terms, often unfamiliar in mainstream discourse, represent a cultural shorthand, a way of speaking about hair that connects individuals to a shared lineage.

• Cornrows ❉ This style, known as “canerows” in some Caribbean nations, has roots in ancient Africa, with depictions dating back thousands of years. During enslavement, cornrows were sometimes used to map escape routes or conceal rice seeds.
• Locs ❉ Often called dreadlocks, these matted or braided strands hold deep spiritual and cultural significance across various African and diasporic traditions, symbolizing strength, wisdom, and connection to ancestors.
• Bantu Knots ❉ Originating from the Bantu people of Southern Africa, these coiled sections of hair are not only a protective style but also a foundational technique for creating waves and curls when unraveled.
• Afro ❉ A style that became a powerful symbol of Black pride and liberation during the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and 70s, celebrating natural texture and rejecting Eurocentric beauty standards.

The CROWN Act, by specifically naming and protecting styles like braids, locs, twists, and Bantu knots, elevates this lexicon from informal community parlance to legal recognition. This formal acknowledgment helps to dismantle the discriminatory practices that have historically targeted individuals wearing these styles, affirming their right to express their cultural heritage without fear of penalty.

Ancestral Influences on Hair Cycles

The life cycle of a hair strand, from its emergence to its eventual shedding, is a biological rhythm, yet even this rhythm has been shaped by ancestral environments and practices. Historical diets, often rich in nutrient-dense, plant-based foods, and traditional hair care rituals utilizing natural ingredients, likely supported healthy hair growth and retention within ancestral communities. While modern science has illuminated the cellular mechanisms of hair growth, it also offers a lens through which to appreciate the intuitive wisdom of past generations.

The CROWN Act, while a legal instrument, indirectly supports this ancestral rhythm by reducing the pressure to chemically or thermally alter hair to conform to external standards. When individuals are free to wear their hair in its natural state, they are less likely to subject it to damaging processes that can disrupt the hair growth cycle, leading to breakage or thinning. This freedom aligns with a holistic approach to hair wellness, one that respects the hair’s inherent biology and its connection to ancestral health practices.

For instance, the use of natural oils and butters, common in ancestral African hair care, provided essential moisture and protection. This tradition, passed down through generations, counters the narrative that textured hair is inherently “difficult” or “unmanageable.” Instead, it highlights the need for specific, heritage-informed care that honors its unique needs.

Ritual

You seek to understand how the spirit of the CROWN Act breathes life into our daily practices, how it influences the very ways we adorn and care for our textured hair. This section delves into the living traditions of styling and care, revealing how ancient methods intertwine with modern expression, and how the CROWN Act serves as a guardian of this ongoing cultural dialogue. We move from the foundational understanding of hair to the deliberate acts of creation and preservation, recognizing that each style, each tool, carries echoes of a heritage that refuses to be silenced. It is an exploration of the applied knowledge, the hands-on wisdom passed down through time, now fortified by legal recognition.

Protective Styling Through Generations

Protective styles are not merely trends; they are a cornerstone of textured hair care, deeply rooted in ancestral practices designed to preserve and protect hair from environmental stressors and daily manipulation. From the intricate braiding patterns of ancient African kingdoms to the twists and locs seen today, these styles served as functional art, often signifying social status, marital standing, age, or even spiritual beliefs. The historical significance of these styles is profound; for enslaved Africans, cornrows sometimes served as covert maps for escape or as a means to carry seeds for sustenance (Byrd & Tharps, 2001). This legacy of ingenuity and resilience underscores their cultural weight.

The CROWN Act explicitly safeguards the right to wear these styles without fear of discrimination. By naming styles like braids, locs, and twists, the act acknowledges their cultural provenance and their necessity for hair health within the Black community. This legislative protection allows individuals to embrace their heritage and maintain hair health without compromising their educational or professional pursuits.

Natural Styling and Ancestral Definition

The quest for natural styling and definition is a continuation of ancestral wisdom, adapting traditional methods to contemporary contexts. Before the advent of modern products, African communities relied on natural elements to define curls, add sheen, and maintain hair’s vitality. Ingredients sourced from the earth—such as various plant oils, clays, and herbal infusions—were meticulously applied, reflecting an intimate knowledge of nature’s bounty. These methods were not about altering the hair’s intrinsic texture but about enhancing its natural glory.

Today, techniques like wash-and-gos, twist-outs, and braid-outs are modern iterations of this ancestral pursuit of definition without chemical alteration. The CROWN Act’s influence here is subtle yet profound; by protecting the right to wear natural textures, it removes the external pressure to chemically straighten or relax hair, a practice that historically emerged from the desire to conform to dominant beauty standards. This freedom allows individuals to reconnect with their hair’s natural inclinations, drawing inspiration from the resilience of their ancestors who cared for their hair with available natural resources.

Wigs, Extensions, and Their Historical Significance

Wigs and hair extensions, often perceived as modern accessories, possess a deep and layered history within Black and mixed-race communities, serving purposes far beyond mere adornment. In ancient Egypt, wigs were worn by both men and women as symbols of status, protection from the sun, and for ceremonial purposes. During the transatlantic slave trade, and in the aftermath of slavery, hair extensions and wigs sometimes served as a means of survival, allowing Black women to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards in oppressive environments to secure employment or avoid violence. This adaptability speaks to a powerful resilience, a strategic navigation of hostile landscapes.

Today, these tools continue to serve diverse functions ❉ as protective styles, for versatility in expression, or for artistic endeavors. The CROWN Act, by safeguarding natural hair and protective styles, indirectly acknowledges the historical context that sometimes necessitated these alternative hair solutions. While the act primarily protects natural hair, its spirit recognizes the broader historical pressures that shaped Black hair practices, including the strategic use of wigs and extensions. It clears a path for individuals to choose how they adorn their hair, whether natural or augmented, without facing discrimination.

Heat Styling and Ancestral Preservation

The application of heat to hair, while common in modern styling, contrasts sharply with many ancestral methods of hair preservation. Historically, heat was used sparingly, often in conjunction with natural oils to seal moisture or to straighten hair for specific ceremonial purposes. The widespread adoption of hot combs and chemical relaxers in the 20th century marked a significant departure, driven largely by societal pressures to align with straight hair ideals. These methods, while offering a temporary aesthetic, often compromised hair health, leading to breakage and damage.

Protective styles, deeply rooted in ancestral wisdom, are now affirmed by law, connecting past ingenuity with present freedom.

The CROWN Act’s emphasis on protecting natural hair textures and styles encourages a shift away from these potentially damaging practices. When individuals are no longer penalized for their natural coils and curls, the perceived necessity for extreme heat styling or chemical treatments diminishes. This legislative push aligns with a heritage-informed approach to hair care that prioritizes long-term health and the preservation of natural texture, mirroring the gentle, protective ethos of ancestral traditions. It champions the right to wear hair in its unaltered state, free from the historical burden of conforming to an imposed standard.

The Textured Hair Toolkit

The tools used in textured hair care tell a story of innovation, adaptation, and cultural continuity. From the earliest carved wooden combs found in ancient Kemet, dating back thousands of years, to the specialized brushes and accessories of today, each implement has played a role in the ritual of hair care. These ancestral tools were often adorned with symbols, reflecting their cultural significance and the reverence held for hair itself.

A traditional toolkit for textured hair, both historically and in contemporary practice, might include:

1. Afro Comb (Afro Pick) ❉ Archaeological finds from Kush and Kemet indicate these long-toothed combs existed over 5,500 years ago, serving not only as styling tools but also as symbols of identity and resistance.
2. Hair Thread ❉ Used in various African cultures for techniques like “Irun Kiko” (Yoruba thread-wrapping), which elongates hair and creates unique patterns without heat.
3. Natural Oils and Butters ❉ Ingredients like shea butter and coconut oil, used for centuries, continue to be staples for moisturizing and sealing textured hair.

The CROWN Act, by validating the diverse expressions of textured hair, indirectly supports the continued use and evolution of these specialized tools and practices. It affirms that the care and styling methods unique to textured hair are legitimate and valuable, removing barriers for those who choose to honor their heritage through their hair care rituals. This protection extends beyond mere appearance, recognizing the tools and techniques as integral to a cultural legacy.

Relay

How does the CROWN Act, a modern legal instrument, truly reverberate through the deep currents of textured hair heritage, shaping not only our present but also the trajectory of future generations? This section invites a deeper contemplation, a journey into the intricate interplay of biology, societal constructs, and ancestral memory. We will consider how this legislation serves as a bridge, connecting the scientific understanding of hair to the profound cultural narratives that define it, offering a more nuanced understanding of its enduring impact. It is here that we move beyond surface-level discussions, seeking to grasp the full, interconnected scope of this transformative act.

Building Regimens from Ancestral Wisdom and Modern Science

The construction of a hair care regimen for textured hair is a testament to the ongoing dialogue between ancient wisdom and contemporary scientific understanding. For centuries, communities across the African diaspora developed sophisticated systems of hair care, relying on local botanicals and intuitive knowledge of hair’s needs. These ancestral regimens were often communal, passed down through oral tradition, emphasizing cleansing with natural clays, moisturizing with plant-derived oils, and protecting with intricate styles. The practices were not arbitrary; they were meticulously refined over generations, reflecting a deep, empirical understanding of hair’s unique properties.

Modern hair science, with its analytical tools and molecular insights, now often validates the efficacy of these long-standing practices. For example, the recognition of textured hair’s propensity for dryness due to its coiled structure lends scientific credence to the ancestral emphasis on heavy emollients like shea butter and castor oil. The CROWN Act, by removing the external pressure to alter hair for conformity, allows individuals to prioritize hair health through regimens that honor both ancestral methods and modern scientific advancements. This freedom to choose care practices rooted in heritage directly supports the vitality of textured hair, fostering a wellness approach that is both culturally affirming and biologically sound.

The Nighttime Sanctuary and Bonnet Wisdom

The simple act of donning a bonnet or headwrap before sleep is a ritual steeped in generations of wisdom, a quiet act of preservation that connects contemporary practice to a profound ancestral legacy. Historically, head coverings in African cultures held immense social, cultural, and even spiritual significance, communicating status, marital standing, and tribal identity. During enslavement, however, these coverings were weaponized, forced upon Black women as a means of control and to strip them of their identity. Yet, even in oppression, resilience shone through; headwraps became a form of resistance, sometimes used to conceal coded messages or to maintain a semblance of dignity.

The CROWN Act stands as a bulwark against discrimination, allowing individuals to embrace their hair’s natural beauty and cultural significance.

Today, the bonnet serves as a vital tool for preserving textured hair, preventing friction, retaining moisture, and maintaining styles overnight. Its practical function is undeniable, but its symbolic weight is equally compelling. The CROWN Act, by protecting natural hairstyles in public spaces, reinforces the cultural significance of the bonnet as a private act of self-care and a public statement of self-acceptance. It is a quiet rebellion, a continuation of a heritage that values the preservation of hair as a part of overall well-being.

The historical trajectory of the bonnet, from an emblem of regality in ancient Africa to a tool of subjugation during slavery, and finally to a symbol of self-care and resistance, illuminates its enduring power. Madame C.J. Walker, a pioneering Black entrepreneur, played a role in popularizing hair care products and routines that included bonnets in the early 20th century, recognizing their utility in maintaining textured hair. This journey underscores how even the most humble items can carry deep cultural narratives, now protected by a legal framework that affirms the right to wear and care for hair in ways that honor its heritage.

Ingredient Deep Dives for Textured Hair Needs

A close examination of ingredients used in textured hair care reveals a lineage stretching back to ancient times, where natural elements were revered for their restorative properties. Ancestral communities intuitively understood the needs of their hair, relying on ingredients readily available in their environments. These were not merely topical applications but often part of a holistic approach to wellness, where what nourished the body also nourished the hair.

Consider the enduring relevance of:

• Shea Butter ❉ Sourced from the nuts of the African shea tree, this rich butter has been used for centuries for its moisturizing and protective qualities, particularly beneficial for dry, textured strands.
• Castor Oil ❉ Known in various African and Caribbean traditions, this thick oil is often applied to the scalp to support hair growth and strengthen strands.
• Aloe Vera ❉ Used in many indigenous cultures for its soothing and hydrating properties, beneficial for scalp health and moisture retention in textured hair.

The CROWN Act indirectly supports the return to and continued appreciation of these heritage ingredients. By reducing the pressure to conform to hair standards that often necessitate harsh chemical treatments, the act encourages a more natural, gentle approach to hair care. This allows individuals to seek out and utilize ingredients that align with ancestral wisdom, promoting hair health in a way that respects its natural composition and cultural legacy. The freedom to choose ingredients that genuinely serve textured hair’s unique biology, rather than those designed to alter its natural state, is a quiet victory within the broader struggle for hair liberation.

Textured Hair Problem Solving and Ancestral Solutions

The challenges associated with textured hair—dryness, breakage, tangling—are not inherent flaws but often stem from a lack of understanding or the imposition of inappropriate care methods. Historically, ancestral communities developed sophisticated solutions to these common concerns, long before the advent of modern hair products. These solutions were deeply practical, drawing upon generations of accumulated knowledge and the careful observation of hair’s behavior.

For instance, the practice of pre-shampoo oiling or deep conditioning with natural ingredients was a preventative measure against dryness and breakage, a tradition that many contemporary textured hair regimens now mirror. Similarly, the meticulous sectioning and braiding of hair, common in protective styles, minimized tangling and manipulation, thereby reducing breakage. The CROWN Act, by protecting the right to wear natural hair, reduces the psychological and economic burden of conforming to Eurocentric hair standards.

This freedom allows individuals to focus on genuinely addressing hair concerns with methods that are appropriate for their texture, rather than resorting to damaging alterations. The act contributes to a climate where solutions rooted in ancestral understanding can thrive, rather than being sidelined by pressures to assimilate.

Holistic Influences on Hair Health

The understanding of hair health within many ancestral philosophies was rarely isolated from the overall well-being of the individual. It was recognized that hair, as an extension of the body, reflected internal states—nutritional balance, emotional equilibrium, and spiritual harmony. This holistic perspective, where hair care was intertwined with diet, community, and spiritual practices, offers a profound counterpoint to purely cosmetic approaches.

The systemic discrimination against textured hair, which the CROWN Act seeks to dismantle, has had documented negative impacts on mental health, leading to stress, anxiety, and a diminished sense of self-worth for Black individuals. A 2023 research study found that Black women’s hair is 2.5 times as likely as white women’s hair to be perceived as “unprofessional,” leading approximately two-thirds of Black women to change their hair for a job interview (Dove and LinkedIn, 2023). This statistic powerfully illuminates the connection between hair discrimination and the psychological toll it exacts, disrupting the holistic balance that ancestral wisdom sought to maintain.

By providing legal protection, the CROWN Act creates a space where individuals can embrace their natural hair without fear of professional or educational repercussions. This liberation from discriminatory pressures directly contributes to improved mental and emotional well-being, allowing for a more authentic self-expression. When the external world aligns with internal acceptance, the holistic health of the individual, including their hair, can truly flourish. This act, therefore, is not merely about hair; it is about reclaiming a sense of wholeness, honoring ancestral legacies, and fostering a deeper connection to self.

Relay

What deeper currents does the CROWN Act stir within the vast ocean of textured hair heritage, and how does it compel us to rethink the very frameworks of identity and acceptance? We are now poised to examine the CROWN Act not just as a piece of legislation, but as a cultural force, a catalyst for societal re-evaluation that touches upon the deepest strata of ancestral experience and future possibility. Here, science, sociology, and history converge, revealing the profound, interconnected narrative that the CROWN Act helps to articulate.

The CROWN Act as a Reclaimer of Identity and Cultural Narrative

The CROWN Act, by extending legal protections to hair texture and protective styles, acts as a powerful reclaimer of identity, challenging centuries of imposed Eurocentric beauty standards that sought to diminish Black and mixed-race hair. Historically, the policing of Black hair served as a tool of racial subjugation, a means to enforce conformity and strip individuals of their cultural markers. From the Tignon Laws of 18th-century Louisiana, which mandated head coverings for Creole women of color to denote their lower social status, to the pervasive workplace and school policies of the 20th and 21st centuries deeming natural styles “unprofessional,” the narrative around Black hair has been one of control and devaluation.

The CROWN Act directly counters this oppressive narrative. It asserts that hair styles like Afros, Braids, Locs, and Twists are not merely personal choices but are inextricably linked to racial and cultural identity. By prohibiting discrimination based on these characteristics, the act validates the inherent beauty and professionalism of textured hair, allowing individuals to present themselves authentically without fear of losing educational opportunities or employment.

This legal recognition fosters a profound psychological shift, moving away from the need for “code-switching”—altering one’s appearance to fit into dominant white spaces—which has historically contributed to stress and anxiety for Black individuals. The act helps to dismantle the implicit biases that often lead to textured hair being perceived as less polished or capable.

How Does Hair Discrimination Impact Mental Well-Being and Educational Pathways?

The impact of hair discrimination extends far beyond superficial appearance, deeply affecting the mental well-being and educational trajectories of Black and mixed-race individuals. When a child is sent home from school or an adult is denied a job opportunity solely because of their natural hair, the message received is clear ❉ their authentic self is not acceptable. This repeated invalidation can lead to significant psychological distress, including anxiety, diminished self-esteem, and feelings of cultural disconnection.

A particularly stark illustration of this harm is the experience of young students. The Dove 2021 CROWN Research Study for Girls revealed that 45% of Black girls experienced hair bias at school, and such experiences contributed to absences. This highlights a direct link between discriminatory hair policies and disruptions to educational attainment. The CROWN Act, by explicitly prohibiting such discrimination in K-12 public and charter schools, creates a more inclusive learning environment.

It ensures that students are not penalized for their cultural expression, allowing them to focus on their studies rather than on conforming to arbitrary appearance rules. This protection is not just about hair; it is about safeguarding the right to learn and thrive without the burden of racialized scrutiny.

The CROWN Act as a Legal Anchor for Ancestral Practices

The CROWN Act serves as a crucial legal anchor, solidifying the protection of ancestral hair practices within modern legal frameworks. While the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited race-based discrimination, it often did not explicitly cover discrimination based on hair texture or protective styles, leaving a loophole that perpetuated systemic racism. The CROWN Act directly addresses this oversight by expanding the definition of race to include traits historically associated with race, such as hair texture and protective styles.

This legal clarity is paramount. It means that the intricate braids, the majestic afros, and the deeply symbolic locs, all of which carry centuries of cultural and historical weight, are now afforded explicit legal protection. This is not a trivial addition to law; it is a profound recognition of the intertwined nature of identity, heritage, and physical appearance for Black and mixed-race individuals. The act validates that cultural expression through hair is a protected civil right, moving beyond the notion that such styles are mere aesthetic choices.

Consider the case of Andrew Johnson, a high school wrestler in New Jersey, who in 2018 was forced to cut his locs or forfeit a match. This incident, which gained national attention, epitomized the discriminatory policies that policed Black hair in educational and athletic settings. The CROWN Act, where enacted, directly addresses such scenarios, providing legal recourse and a clear directive against such biases.

As of 2024, the CROWN Act has been enacted in 25 states, a testament to the growing recognition of this historical injustice. While a federal version has passed the House but stalled in the Senate, the state-level momentum continues to build, chipping away at the systemic barriers that have long marginalized textured hair.

Shaping Future Narratives and Intergenerational Legacies

The CROWN Act is not solely about rectifying past injustices; it is about shaping future narratives and strengthening intergenerational legacies. By creating a legal environment where textured hair is celebrated rather than scrutinized, the act empowers younger generations to embrace their natural selves from an early age. This can lead to a healthier self-perception, a deeper connection to their heritage, and a reduction in the psychological burden of conforming to external pressures.

The removal of discriminatory barriers in schools and workplaces means that children and young adults can grow up seeing their hair, and the hair of their elders, as a source of pride and strength, rather than a potential obstacle to success. This fosters a continuity of cultural practices, ensuring that the wisdom of ancestral hair care and styling traditions continues to be passed down and innovated upon. The act helps to cultivate a society where the diverse beauty of textured hair is simply accepted as a part of the human experience, rather than an exception that requires special permission. This acceptance, in turn, allows the living archive of Black and mixed-race hair heritage to expand, creating new stories of self-acceptance, resilience, and unbridled expression for those who will come after us.

Reflection

The journey through the intricate world of textured hair, its deep heritage, and the protective embrace of the CROWN Act reveals a profound truth ❉ our strands are not merely physical attributes, but living chronicles. Each coil, each braid, each loc carries the weight of generations, a testament to resilience, creativity, and enduring cultural spirit. The CROWN Act stands as a beacon in this ongoing narrative, a legal affirmation that the beauty and authenticity of Black and mixed-race hair, with its ancestral echoes and contemporary vibrancy, must be honored and protected.

It is a vital step in ensuring that the ‘Soul of a Strand’ can truly unfurl, unbound and celebrated, in every corner of our shared world. This act helps us collectively remember that true freedom includes the freedom to be, in every glorious strand, precisely who we are.

References

• Byrd, A. M. & Tharps, L. D. (2001). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
• Banks, I. (2000). Hair Matters ❉ Beauty, Power, and the Politics of African American Women’s Hair. New York University Press.
• Patton, T. O. (2006). Our Own Kind of Beautiful ❉ African American Hair Culture and the Politics of Respectability. Ohio State University Press.
• Ellington, T. N. (2020). Black Hair in a White World. The Kent State University Press.
• Prince, A. (2009). The Politics of Black Women’s Hair. Insomniac Press.
• Dove and LinkedIn. (2023). CROWN Workplace Research Study.