How do ancestral hair practices connect to modern textured hair science?

Roots

The journey of textured hair is not merely a biological phenomenon; it is a living archive, etched with the wisdom of generations. Within each coil and kink lies a story, a memory carried forward from those who walked before us, a connection to the earth and the sun that nurtured our earliest kin. To truly grasp how ancestral hair practices intertwine with the latest understandings of textured hair science, one must first listen to the echoes from the source, recognizing hair not just as a physical adornment, but as a vibrant testament to enduring Heritage.

Hair’s Deepest Echoes Anatomy and Ancestral Understanding

Long before microscopes unveiled the intricate architecture of a single strand, our ancestors held a deep, intuitive comprehension of hair’s capabilities and needs. They observed its resilience, its capacity for moisture, its tendency to shrink or lengthen with the changing seasons. Modern trichology now dissects the Hair Shaft into its constituent parts ❉ the protective outer cuticle, a layer of overlapping scales; the robust cortex, which grants hair its strength and elasticity; and the central medulla, often absent in finer strands. For textured hair, the elliptical or flattened shape of the hair follicle dictates the spiraling path of the strand as it grows, leading to the varied and beautiful curl patterns we celebrate today.

This biological blueprint, while newly articulated in scientific terms, was implicitly understood through centuries of observation. The very practices of oiling, twisting, and braiding, passed down through oral traditions, were not random acts but precise responses to hair’s inherent characteristics. The understanding that hair needed protection from the elements, that certain plant extracts could impart strength or sheen, speaks to an ancient empirical science, a wisdom honed by direct engagement with the natural world and the very substance of our hair.

Textured hair, with its unique bends and turns, presents specific challenges. Each curve in the strand is a potential point of weakness, making it more susceptible to breakage than straight hair. The natural oils produced by the scalp, known as sebum, struggle to travel down these spiraling strands, often leading to dryness, particularly at the ends. Ancestral practices, without explicit scientific terms, instinctively countered these challenges.

The consistent application of natural oils and butters, for example, served as a barrier, preventing moisture loss and lubricating the hair shaft, thereby reducing friction and breakage. This proactive care, passed through generations, reflects a practical application of what modern science now explains as cuticle smoothing and lipid replenishment. The knowledge of how different natural elements interacted with hair was not written in textbooks, but etched into the hands and memories of those who tended hair, a living science transmitted through communal grooming.

The wisdom of ancestral hair practices, while articulated differently, often mirrors modern scientific understanding of textured hair’s unique structure and needs.

How Did Ancestral Peoples Categorize Hair Textures?

The contemporary world often seeks to categorize and label, and textured hair has seen its share of classification systems, such as the Andre Walker typing. While these systems aim for clarity, they sometimes inadvertently reflect a Eurocentric lens, attempting to fit a vast spectrum of curl and coil into a limited framework. Yet, within diverse ancestral communities, a different kind of classification existed—one rooted not in numerical codes, but in cultural significance, social status, and spiritual meaning.

Consider the myriad ways hair was styled and adorned across various African societies. A specific braid pattern might denote marital status, age, or tribal affiliation. The texture itself was often a marker of identity, a visual language speaking volumes about one’s lineage and community. This traditional understanding transcends mere aesthetics; it speaks to hair as a living, breathing component of personal and collective Heritage.

For instance, among the Maasai people, hair styles and adornments are deeply tied to age-sets and social roles, signifying transitions and responsibilities within the community. The elaborate red ochre-coated braids of Maasai warriors, for example, are not merely decorative but convey strength, status, and readiness for battle, a tangible expression of cultural identity.

The beauty of textured hair in ancestral contexts was rarely judged by its adherence to a single standard. Instead, its diversity was celebrated, its capacity for transformation admired. The language used to describe hair was often poetic, reflecting its connection to nature and the human spirit. This contrasts sharply with historical periods where textured hair was devalued or deemed “unruly” by external standards, a cultural bias that modern textured hair movements actively seek to dismantle by reclaiming and celebrating the hair’s natural form and its ancestral beauty .

Across West Africa, for example, terms might describe hair by its resilience, its softness, its spring, or its ability to hold intricate patterns, rather than by a numerical curl type. These descriptions often spoke to the hair’s health and its capacity for styling, rather than a fixed, rigid classification, reflecting a dynamic and adaptable understanding of hair’s characteristics.

• Dreadlocks ❉ Beyond a style, often a spiritual statement, a commitment to natural growth, and a connection to ancestral spiritual paths in many African and diasporic cultures, symbolizing freedom and resistance in more recent times.
• Cornrows ❉ Historically, intricate patterns could serve as maps for escape routes during times of enslavement, or convey messages and social standing within communities. Their precise geometric forms speak to an ancient mathematical artistry.
• Bantu Knots ❉ Named after the Bantu people of Southern Africa, these coiled sections of hair are both a protective style and a foundational technique for creating waves and curls, showcasing the versatility of textured hair.
• Adornments ❉ Beads, cowrie shells, and precious metals woven into hair often communicated wealth, status, or spiritual protection across many African societies, turning hair into a living crown. The specific placement and type of adornment often carried specific meaning within the community, signifying rites of passage or marital status.

A Living Lexicon Words of Hair from Generations Past

The language surrounding textured hair in ancestral communities was rich and descriptive, often embodying a holistic view of well-being. These terms, unlike modern scientific jargon, were often deeply metaphorical, drawing from the natural world and communal life. They spoke to the hair’s vitality, its texture, and its connection to the wearer’s spirit.

For instance, in some West African traditions, hair might be described with words that translate to “strong like a baobab root” or “soft like a shea blossom,” conveying not just a physical attribute but a spiritual resonance. This linguistic heritage underscores the reverence held for hair, seeing it as an extension of the self and a conduit for ancestral energy. The very act of naming and describing hair with such poetic precision reflects a deep observation and respect for its various states and forms. This oral tradition of knowledge transmission, where stories and songs accompanied the grooming process, ensured that the lexicon of hair care was not merely a list of terms, but a living narrative, rich with cultural memory and practical application.

The terms used often reflected the desired outcome of a practice or the inherent quality of a particular hair type. For example, a term for “coily” hair might also carry connotations of resilience or strength, linking the physical attribute to a valued characteristic. This contrasts with modern terms that can sometimes feel sterile or detached from the lived experience of textured hair. By reclaiming and understanding these ancestral lexicons, we gain a deeper appreciation for the nuanced ways our ancestors understood and celebrated their hair, connecting us more fully to our hair heritage .

The Rhythms of Growth Ancestral Factors and Hair Cycles

Modern science meticulously charts the phases of hair growth ❉ Anagen (growth), Catagen (transition), and Telogen (resting/shedding). This cyclical process is universal, yet its expression and the health of the hair within these cycles were, and still are, profoundly shaped by environmental and nutritional factors. Ancestral practices, often born of necessity and deep observation, instinctively supported these cycles.

Diets rich in indigenous fruits, vegetables, and protein sources provided the building blocks for healthy hair growth. Consider the consumption of foods abundant in biotin , iron , and vitamins A and C , found naturally in the diverse ecosystems where our ancestors lived. The presence of leafy greens, root vegetables, and lean protein sources in traditional diets provided a steady supply of nutrients essential for follicular activity.

This nutritional support was not just incidental; it was often a deliberate aspect of communal well-being, recognizing the connection between a vibrant body and vibrant hair. For example, the widespread use of nutrient-dense grains like millet and sorghum, alongside a variety of wild-harvested greens and legumes, provided a comprehensive spectrum of vitamins and minerals that directly supported healthy cell division and protein synthesis necessary for robust hair growth.

Beyond diet, the physical act of communal grooming played a significant role. Gentle scalp massages, performed during braiding sessions or daily care, stimulated blood circulation to the hair follicles, promoting nutrient delivery and waste removal. This increased circulation supports the anagen phase, encouraging stronger, longer growth. The ritualistic nature of these grooming sessions also reduced stress, a known inhibitor of healthy hair growth, thereby creating an optimal internal environment for hair vitality.

This holistic approach, addressing both physical nourishment and emotional well-being, underscores the comprehensive ancestral wisdom that informed hair care. The consistent, gentle manipulation of hair through these practices also minimized mechanical stress, preventing premature breakage and allowing the hair to reach its full growth potential, a principle now understood through the science of trichology.

Ritual

From the quiet morning comb-out to the communal gathering for elaborate braiding sessions, the daily and ceremonial practices surrounding textured hair are far more than mere routines; they are a living dialogue with our past, a vibrant expression of heritage made tangible. The practical wisdom inherited from generations of hair keepers, those who understood the rhythm of the scalp and the language of the strand, offers a profound foundation for our contemporary approaches to hair care and styling. This section steps into that space of shared knowledge, where ancient techniques and modern insights converge, allowing us to discern how ancestral ingenuity continues to shape our understanding of hair artistry and its preservation.

Protective Styling A Legacy of Care

The concept of protective styling, so prevalent in modern textured hair care, is deeply rooted in ancestral wisdom. Long before terms like “low manipulation” entered our lexicon, African communities instinctively practiced styles that shielded hair from environmental aggressors, minimized breakage, and promoted length retention. Styles like Braids, Twists, and Coils were not just aesthetic choices; they were pragmatic solutions for maintaining hair health in challenging climates and during periods of demanding labor. These practices were often communal, fostering bonds and passing down knowledge through generations.

The intricate artistry of styles like the elaborate braided crowns of the Fulani or the tightly coiled patterns of the Yoruba speak to both cultural identity and practical hair preservation. These were not simply hairstyles; they were cultural artifacts, embodying stories, social status, and a deep respect for the hair as a living entity. The longevity of these styles allowed for extended periods without daily manipulation, giving the hair a chance to rest and grow, a principle now validated by modern hair science advocating for reduced mechanical stress.

In ancient Egypt, intricate braiding and wig-making were not only for aesthetic appeal but also served as protective measures against the harsh desert sun, preserving the hair’s integrity. The meticulous care given to these styles underscores a long-standing understanding of hair preservation.

Across the diaspora, these protective traditions adapted and persisted, becoming acts of resistance and self-preservation during times of oppression. Enslaved Africans, despite brutal conditions, maintained their hair traditions, often using cornrows to map escape routes or to hide seeds for sustenance, making hair a symbol of defiance and resilience . This historical context adds layers of meaning to modern protective styles, reminding us that their significance extends beyond mere aesthetics to embody survival and cultural continuity. (Byrd & Tharps, 2014)

Traditional hair practices reveal a profound understanding of styling and protection, offering a historical blueprint for modern hair care techniques.

How Do Ancestral Styling Techniques Inform Modern Definition?

The pursuit of defined curls and coils, a hallmark of contemporary textured hair styling, finds its genesis in ancestral methods. Before gels and creams became ubiquitous, natural elements were employed to enhance and preserve curl patterns. For instance, the use of mucilaginous plants like okra or flaxseed, which produce a slippery, conditioning substance, provided a natural hold and definition. Clays, rich in minerals, were also used to cleanse and clarify, allowing natural curl patterns to spring forth unhindered.

The practice of finger coiling, a modern technique, mirrors the meticulous shaping of individual strands seen in many traditional African styles where each section of hair was carefully manipulated to form a distinct coil or twist. This hands-on approach, often performed during communal grooming sessions, highlights a direct, intimate connection with the hair, a practice that transcends mere product application. The underlying principle, to encourage and maintain the hair’s inherent curl structure, remains unchanged, a testament to the enduring power of these traditional methods.

The sticky sap from certain trees or the conditioning properties of plant barks were applied to hair, providing a natural hold that minimized frizz and enhanced the appearance of coils, a precursor to modern curl-defining creams and gels. These ancient “styling agents” worked in harmony with the hair’s natural properties, supporting its structure without harsh chemicals.

Consider the use of water itself as a styling agent. Ancestral communities understood that textured hair responded well to moisture, and many styles were created on damp hair to enhance its pliability and encourage curl formation. This intuitive grasp of hair’s hygroscopic properties—its ability to absorb and release water—is now a cornerstone of modern wash-and-go routines, where water is the primary agent for activating and defining curl patterns. The wisdom of simply using water, often combined with natural oils, to achieve desired looks speaks to a deep, practical understanding of hair’s elemental needs, a simplicity often lost in the complexity of modern product lines.

Wigs and Extensions A Historical Adornment?

The adoption of wigs and hair extensions in modern beauty trends might seem like a contemporary phenomenon, yet their presence in the history of textured hair is long and storied. Ancient Egyptians, for example, wore elaborate wigs not only for aesthetic appeal but also for protection from the harsh sun and for hygienic purposes. These wigs were often crafted from human hair, wool, or plant fibers, and adorned with precious metals and jewels, signifying status and spiritual connection.

Across various West African cultures, hair extensions and added hair were used to create voluminous, dramatic styles for ceremonies, rituals, and daily wear. These additions, often made from natural fibers or the hair of deceased relatives, carried symbolic weight, connecting the wearer to their ancestors and community. This rich heritage of adornment and transformation underscores that the use of supplementary hair is not a departure from tradition, but rather a continuation of an ancient practice of self-expression and cultural declaration.

The practice of adding hair, whether through braiding in extensions or creating elaborate headdresses, allowed for diverse forms of self-expression and communicated intricate social codes. In some societies, the addition of hair could signify mourning, celebration, or a transition to a new life stage, demonstrating the profound symbolic role of hair beyond mere aesthetics.

The craftsmanship involved in creating these ancestral hair additions was often extraordinary, requiring specialized skills passed down through generations. The selection of materials, the meticulous braiding techniques, and the thoughtful placement of adornments all spoke to a deep reverence for hair as a sacred aspect of identity. This historical context reminds us that the modern extension industry, while technologically advanced, stands on the shoulders of ancient artisans who pioneered the art of hair augmentation for both practical and symbolic purposes, deeply rooted in cultural narratives.

The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit From Ancient Craft to Current Innovation

The tools employed in textured hair care have evolved, yet their fundamental purpose remains consistent with ancestral intentions. Consider the earliest combs, often carved from wood, bone, or ivory, designed to detangle and style without causing undue stress. These traditional combs, with their wide teeth and smooth surfaces, minimized breakage, a principle now echoed in modern wide-tooth combs and detangling brushes.

The selection of materials for these tools was often deliberate, reflecting the availability of resources and an understanding of what would be gentle on textured hair. For instance, the natural oils within certain woods could even impart conditioning properties during the combing process.

The use of heated implements, too, has a historical precedent, albeit with different methods. While modern flat irons rely on direct heat, some ancestral practices involved warming natural oils or plant extracts to aid in penetration and styling, or using heated stones to temporarily alter hair texture for specific ceremonial looks. The difference lies in the degree and control of heat; modern science has allowed for precise temperature regulation to minimize damage, a safety aspect not always available in ancient times. Yet, the underlying desire to manipulate hair for desired effects remains a constant thread across time.

Ancient African cultures, for example, sometimes used heated sticks or flattened iron tools, carefully warmed over a fire, to straighten or curl hair for specific occasions. The skill lay in controlling the temperature by hand, relying on touch and experience to avoid damage, a testament to the intuitive understanding of heat’s effect on hair. These practices, while rudimentary by today’s standards, reveal an early exploration of thermal styling.

1. Wooden Combs ❉ Crafted for gentle detangling, respecting the hair’s natural coil, often with wide, polished teeth to reduce snagging.
2. Hair Picks ❉ Used to lift and shape voluminous styles, a tradition still observed today, allowing for air circulation and style maintenance.
3. Shea Butter ❉ A staple in many African communities, providing deep moisture and protection for strands, often applied as a styling balm.
4. Plant Fibers ❉ Employed for creating extensions and adding volume to traditional styles, meticulously braided or wrapped to create desired forms.
5. Bone Pins ❉ Used to secure intricate updos and braids, these tools were often adorned and served both practical and decorative purposes, holding styles firmly in place.

Relay

As the strands of our past gently intertwine with the innovations of the present, a profound question arises ❉ how does the cumulative wisdom of ancestral hair practices continue to shape not just our care routines, but our very sense of self and our collective heritage in the modern world? This section invites us to delve into the intricate dance between ancient regimens and contemporary scientific understanding, revealing how the deepest roots of our hair traditions provide a resilient blueprint for thriving hair health and vibrant cultural expression today. It is a journey that moves beyond surface-level techniques, exploring the interwoven biological, psychological, and communal dimensions of textured hair.

Building Personalized Regimens Echoes of Ancient Custom

The concept of a personalized hair regimen, tailored to individual needs, is not a modern invention. Ancestral communities instinctively understood that hair health was inextricably linked to the unique circumstances of an individual—their diet, environment, lifestyle, and even their spiritual path. Care was often adapted to the changing seasons, to life stages, or to specific hair concerns. This deep observational knowledge formed the basis of highly individualized care.

Modern science, with its analytical tools, now offers detailed insights into specific hair porosity, density, and elasticity, allowing for precise product selection and routine customization. Yet, the foundational principle of listening to one’s hair and responding with intention, a cornerstone of ancestral wisdom , remains paramount.

For instance, communities living in arid regions would naturally prioritize moisturizing and sealing practices, perhaps using heavier plant butters or creating protective styles that minimized moisture loss. Those in more humid climates might focus on clarifying and lighter emollients. These adaptations, honed over centuries, represent an applied science, a sophisticated understanding of how to work with hair in harmony with its natural environment. The specific combination of oils, herbs, and styling methods would be adjusted based on the individual’s hair type, age, and even the demands of their daily activities, showcasing a highly responsive and personalized approach to care that predates modern hair diagnostics.

This personalized approach extended to addressing specific hair challenges. If a person experienced dryness, a particular blend of oils or a specific protective style might be recommended. If scalp irritation arose, certain herbal infusions known for their soothing properties would be applied.

This adaptive, problem-solving mindset, deeply rooted in ancestral experience, mirrors the iterative process of modern regimen building, where one adjusts products and techniques based on hair’s response. It highlights that true hair care has always been about attentive observation and tailored responses, rather than a one-size-fits-all solution.

The Nighttime Sanctuary Why Do Bonnets Matter?

The seemingly simple act of covering one’s hair at night, often with a satin or silk bonnet, is a practice with deep historical resonance, a testament to the enduring wisdom of protecting hair from friction and moisture loss. While the modern bonnet is a relatively recent innovation in its current form, the underlying principle of protecting hair during rest has ancient roots. In many African cultures, head coverings, often made from soft cloths or natural fibers, were used not only for cultural or spiritual reasons but also for practical hair preservation.

The scientific rationale behind the bonnet is now clear ❉ cotton pillowcases, with their absorbent and abrasive fibers, can strip moisture from the hair and cause friction, leading to frizz, tangles, and breakage. Silk and satin, with their smooth surfaces, reduce this friction, allowing the hair’s natural oils to remain distributed and the cuticle to stay smooth. This modern understanding validates a practice intuitively adopted by ancestors who understood the vulnerability of hair during sleep, long before the terms “cuticle integrity” or “hygral fatigue ” entered the scientific lexicon. The act of wrapping or covering hair at night was a form of protective styling in itself, preserving the integrity of intricate daytime styles and minimizing daily manipulation, thereby extending the life of the style and promoting overall hair health.

This nightly ritual speaks to a deep respect for the hair’s vulnerability and a proactive approach to its longevity. The choice of soft, smooth materials, whether animal skins, finely woven plant fibers, or later, silk, was an intuitive response to the need to minimize friction. The practice not only protected the hair physically but also held cultural significance, symbolizing modesty, status, or a connection to spiritual realms. The modern bonnet, therefore, is not merely a convenience; it is a contemporary iteration of a long-standing ancestral practice that marries practical hair preservation with cultural meaning.

The enduring legacy of ancestral hair practices offers a rich foundation for modern scientific understanding, bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary innovation.

Ingredient Deep Dives Connecting Tradition and Science

The ancestral pharmacopoeia for hair care was vast, drawing upon the abundant plant life of various regions. Ingredients like Shea Butter, Argan Oil, Baobab Oil, and various herbal infusions were not chosen at random; their efficacy was proven through generations of trial and observation. Modern scientific analysis now reveals the precise chemical compounds within these ingredients that contribute to their benefits.

Shea butter, for example, a staple in West African hair care for centuries, is now known to be rich in fatty acids (oleic, stearic, linoleic), triterpenes, and vitamins A, E, and F. These components provide significant moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, sealing in moisture and protecting the hair shaft from environmental damage (Olabanji, 2015). Similarly, aloe vera , used in many traditional healing systems, is lauded for its enzymes, vitamins, and minerals that soothe the scalp and condition hair.

The consistent application of these natural emollients provided a protective layer, minimizing moisture loss from the hair’s cortex and preventing the brittle, dry conditions that lead to breakage in textured hair. This direct correlation between ancestral application and scientific validation underscores the profound empirical knowledge possessed by ancient hair practitioners.

Consider also the traditional use of various barks and leaves to create rinses or masques. For instance, chebe powder , traditionally used by Chadian women, is a blend of herbs that, when applied, coats the hair, making it more resilient and less prone to breakage. While the exact scientific mechanism is still under modern investigation, the traditional observation of increased length retention speaks to its protective properties. This intersection of traditional knowledge and modern scientific validation underscores a powerful truth ❉ our ancestors were indeed practicing a form of ethnobotanical science, understanding the medicinal and cosmetic properties of plants through generations of empirical data collection, passing down their findings through oral traditions and practical application.

How Do Ancestral Wellness Philosophies Shape Hair Health?

Beyond topical applications, ancestral wisdom often viewed hair health as an integral component of overall holistic well-being. This perspective recognized the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit, understanding that external manifestations like hair vitality were reflections of internal balance. Stress, diet, emotional state, and spiritual harmony were all considered crucial elements influencing hair’s condition.

For example, traditional healing systems across Africa often incorporated practices like scalp massage, not just for circulation but also for calming the nervous system and releasing tension. Herbal remedies were consumed not only for specific ailments but also to promote general vitality, which naturally extended to hair health. This deep understanding, where hair is seen as a barometer of one’s holistic state, stands in gentle contrast to purely cosmetic approaches. It calls us to reconsider hair care not as a separate chore, but as a vital part of a larger self-care ritual, steeped in ancestral reverence for the body’s interconnected systems.

The communal aspect of hair grooming, where women would gather to braid and tend to each other’s hair, served as a powerful form of social support and stress reduction. This collective care, deeply embedded in many African societies, provided psychological benefits that directly contributed to overall health, including hair health, by mitigating the negative effects of stress hormones on the hair growth cycle.

The spiritual dimension of hair in many ancestral cultures further illustrates this holistic view. Hair was often seen as a connection to the divine, to ancestors, or as a channel for spiritual energy. This sacred perception influenced how hair was treated—with respect, intention, and ritual.

Such reverence naturally led to practices that were gentle, nourishing, and protective, aligning with modern scientific recommendations for minimal manipulation and chemical avoidance. The long-standing belief in hair as a symbol of wisdom, strength, or spiritual power encouraged practices that upheld its vitality, a testament to the profound and enduring influence of cultural heritage on hair care.

Reflection

As we draw this exploration to a close, we find ourselves standing at a luminous crossroads, where the deep currents of ancestral heritage meet the flowing streams of modern scientific inquiry. The journey of textured hair, from its elemental biology to its profound cultural resonance, is not a linear progression from old to new, but a continuous dialogue, a perpetual relay of wisdom across generations. Each strand, in its unique coil and curl, carries the memory of ancient hands that tended it, the knowledge of plants that nourished it, and the spirit of communities that celebrated it. This understanding is the very soul of a strand, a living, breathing archive that reminds us that our hair is more than just protein; it is a conduit to our past, a canvas for our present, and a beacon for our future.

To truly honor textured hair is to acknowledge this rich tapestry of heritage , to recognize that the scientific breakthroughs of today often validate the intuitive truths known by our ancestors. It is to approach care not as a chore, but as a ritual of reverence, a connection to a legacy of resilience and beauty. The evolving story of textured hair invites us to be active participants in its unfolding, carrying forward the wisdom of those who came before us, while also contributing our own discoveries and affirmations. In doing so, we ensure that the profound legacy of textured hair continues to shine, a testament to enduring strength and timeless beauty.

• Cultural Continuity ❉ Hair practices preserve and transmit ancestral knowledge and identity across generations, serving as living links to the past.
• Holistic Well-Being ❉ Care extends beyond the physical, encompassing spiritual and communal aspects, recognizing hair as part of a larger self.
• Scientific Validation ❉ Modern research often affirms the efficacy of traditional ingredients and methods, confirming ancient wisdom through contemporary means.
• Resilience and Adaptation ❉ Textured hair traditions demonstrate an enduring capacity to adapt to changing environments and challenges, maintaining cultural integrity.

References

• Byrd, A. & Tharps, L. (2014). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Griffin.
• Olabanji, O. O. (2015). Chemical and physical characteristics of shea butter and its potential as a hair care product. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 5(03), 183-188.
• Banks, I. (2000). Hair Matters ❉ Beauty, Power, and Black Women’s Consciousness. New York University Press.
• Hall, R. L. (1992). African-American hair ❉ The history of a cultural practice. Journal of American Folklore, 105(415), 18-29.
• Adjanohoun, E. J. et al. (1989). Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia Contribution to Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Benin. Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation.
• White, C. (2017). Hair, Race, and Identity in Women’s Writing ❉ The ‘Hair-raising’ Tale. Routledge.
• Synnott, A. (1987). Shame and glory ❉ A sociology of hair. The British Journal of Sociology, 38(3), 381-413.