Roots
The stories of our hair, particularly textured hair, are etched into the very fibers of our being, a profound connection to generations long past. It speaks of survival, of identity, and of a wisdom that preceded formal scientific inquiry. How did the elemental forces of ancient practices begin to shape what we now recognize as textured hair science?
To understand this is to journey back to the source, to the earliest human experiences with hair, recognizing its place not just as a biological structure, but as a living archive of heritage. Every coil, every kink, every wave carries echoes of ancestral ingenuity, revealing how care for our crowns became a vital part of our collective human story.
Hair Anatomy and Physiological Heritage
Textured hair, known by various names such as afro-textured, kinky, or coily hair, possesses a unique anatomical structure distinguishing it from other hair types. Its characteristic tight, spiral-shaped curl pattern arises from the hair follicle’s elliptical or kidney shape, curving significantly beneath the scalp. This contrasts with the more circular follicles producing straight hair. This curvature means the hair shaft itself grows in a series of twists and turns, creating points of vulnerability along its length.
From a physiological standpoint, this structure influences how natural oils, called sebum, travel down the hair shaft. On straight hair, sebum moves with ease, coating the strand. With textured hair, the tight coils hinder this movement, often leading to reduced moisture retention and a greater susceptibility to dryness. This inherent predisposition to dryness is a central aspect of textured hair science, one that historical practices intuitively addressed.
Early human ancestors, living in intense sunlight, developed afro-textured hair as an adaptation, providing a protective layer against ultraviolet radiation and aiding in thermoregulation by allowing air circulation near the scalp. This biological gift, shaped by environment, also carries a specific need for moisture, a need long understood by those who lived with these hair types.
The physical form of textured hair, a biological gift shaped by ancestral environments, inherently dictates a deep need for consistent moisture, a truth long understood through traditional care practices.
Ancient Classifications and Cultural Understanding
Long before modern classification systems, societies understood hair differences. Early African civilizations, recognizing the diversity within textured hair, often used hairstyles and hair conditions to communicate significant aspects of identity. Hair served as a visible marker of social rank, marital status, age, ethnic identity, wealth, and spiritual connection within various tribes. This cultural understanding was, in its own way, a classification system, deeply embedded in social structures and community values.
For instance, in West African communities, intricate braiding patterns conveyed complex information, acting as a visual language. The concept of “good hair,” though later co-opted by Eurocentric beauty standards to denote straighter textures, originally signified well-groomed, healthy, and culturally appropriate hair within African communities. This historical context highlights how classifications were not simply about curl pattern but about social meaning and community belonging. The modern scientific attempts to classify hair, such as the Andre Walker Hair Typing System, often categorize textured hair as ‘type 4’ with subcategories like 4C representing the tightest coils, but these systems, while offering a framework, can overlook the rich diversity and cultural context that older ways of knowing inherently possessed.
Traditional Lexicon of Textured Hair
The language surrounding textured hair has evolved, reflecting both its innate qualities and the socio-historical journeys of those who bear it. Historically, terms such as “woolly,” “kinky,” or “nappy” were used to describe afro-textured hair. While some of these terms became derogatory following the transatlantic slave trade and colonization, their origins often related to physical descriptions of the hair’s structure.
Ancestral communities possessed a lexicon of care that, while not scientific in the modern sense, conveyed deep knowledge of ingredients and methods. Words for specific herbs, clays, and oils were passed down, carrying centuries of experience in maintaining hair health. The very existence of these terms speaks to a practical science born of observation and generational practice.
- Qasil Powder ❉ A cleansing agent from East Africa, specifically Somalia, known for its saponin content, which creates a lather for hair and skin cleansing.
- Chebe Powder ❉ Used by the Basara women of Chad, this blend of specific herbs (lavender crotons, stone scent, cherry seeds, cloves, raisin tree sap) is associated with length retention and scalp health.
- African Black Soap ❉ Originating in West Africa, this soap made from plantain peels, cocoa pods, and shea tree bark contains antioxidants and oils, acting as a natural cleanser and moisturizer for hair and scalp.
Hair Growth Cycles and Historical Influences
The science of hair growth cycles — anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (rest) — applies to all hair types. Yet, historical environmental and nutritional factors undeniably influenced the observable health and growth of textured hair. Ancestral diets, rich in local plant-based foods, provided essential vitamins and minerals that supported healthy hair growth. The communal aspect of hair care, often involving hours of intricate styling, also allowed for regular scalp massage, which promotes blood circulation and could support healthy follicle function.
Conversely, the forced displacement and harsh conditions of the transatlantic slave trade severely disrupted these traditional practices and nutritional inputs. Enslaved Africans lost access to native tools, traditional oils, and the time required for proper hair care, leading to matted, tangled, and damaged hair. The shift to using readily available substances like cooking oil or animal fats, while a means of survival, lacked the specific beneficial compounds found in traditional plant-based preparations. This period marks a stark historical example of how disrupted practices and inadequate resources directly impacted hair health, a visible consequence of systemic oppression.
| Historical Understanding Hair as a map of identity, social status, and spiritual connection. |
| Modern Scientific Insight Hair typing systems categorize based on curl pattern, density, and strand characteristics, yet often miss cultural context. |
| Historical Understanding Use of natural clays for cleansing and minerals. |
| Modern Scientific Insight Scientific validation of mineral content and adsorption properties for detoxifying and conditioning. |
| Historical Understanding Application of plant-based oils and butters for moisture and protection. |
| Modern Scientific Insight Confirmation of lipid penetration and sealing properties for cuticle health and moisture retention. |
| Historical Understanding Protective styles for practical preservation and cultural expression. |
| Modern Scientific Insight Recognition of protective styles reducing manipulation, breakage, and aiding length retention. |
| Historical Understanding Ancient wisdom often provided the practical applications that modern science would later explain, forming a continuous heritage of hair knowledge. |
Ritual
The rhythmic cadence of ancestral hands tending to hair, the gentle murmur of shared stories, the very scent of traditional remedies – these are the underpinnings of hair ritual. This deeper engagement with hair, a practice steeped in communal care and personal reverence, reveals how ritual became a living laboratory for textured hair science. It is in these repeated, purposeful acts that observations were made, knowledge was refined, and the fundamental science of textured hair care was, in essence, shaped through generations.
Protective Styling Lineage
Protective styles, a cornerstone of textured hair care, possess a rich lineage, extending far back into African civilizations. Braids, twists, and cornrows were not simply decorative; they held profound cultural significance, signifying age, marital status, wealth, and tribal affiliation. Beyond their social codes, these styles served a practical purpose ❉ shielding the hair from environmental elements and reducing daily manipulation, thereby minimizing breakage. This historical practice laid the foundation for modern understandings of length retention and hair health.
During the transatlantic slave trade, when enslaved Africans were often stripped of their cultural markers, hair rituals transformed into acts of resistance and survival. Braided patterns sometimes served as maps to freedom or concealed seeds for sustenance during escape. This period highlights how a deeply rooted cultural practice, born of heritage, became a vital tool for physical preservation and coded communication, inadvertently reinforcing the hair’s protective qualities. The enduring popularity of styles such as box braids or locs today connects directly to this history, demonstrating an unbroken chain of heritage where function and identity walk hand in hand.
Natural Styling and Defining Heritage
The quest for hair definition, for highlighting each curl and coil, has roots in historical practices. Ancestral methods often involved specific botanical preparations and techniques to hydrate and clump curls. While modern science identifies the role of humectants and emollients in achieving this, historical practitioners relied on observation and shared wisdom.
The careful application of plant-derived oils and butters, such as shea butter and various indigenous oils, was a common practice. These natural ingredients, readily available in many African regions, were understood to provide moisture and impart a desirable sheen, enhancing the hair’s natural form.
Consider the traditional use of specific plant materials. The inclusion of ingredients like chebe powder , which is applied as a paste to the hair, was observed to promote length retention and maintain moisture between washes. This practice, though centuries old, aligns with contemporary scientific appreciation for products that seal in hydration and offer anti-inflammatory scalp benefits. The science, then, becomes a language that explains the efficacy of long-standing heritage rituals.
Hair styling, born from heritage, served as a dynamic archive of identity and resilience, revealing practical wisdom that modern science now elucidates.
Wigs and Hair Extensions Legacy
The use of wigs and hair extensions also possesses a deep historical and cultural legacy, particularly within African and diasporic communities. From ancient Egypt, where wigs were used for hygiene, status, and protection from the sun, to elaborate African ceremonial extensions made from fibers and hair, these adornments were more than fashion statements. They were expressions of artistry, wealth, and communal belonging.
The legacy of these practices informs the contemporary hair extension industry. While modern extensions use synthetic or human hair, the underlying desire for versatility, protective styling, and aesthetic expression remains constant. The historical use of braiding hair into existing strands, a precursor to many modern extension techniques, speaks to a continuity of method and purpose across millennia. This ancient understanding of adding length and volume for both practical and symbolic reasons shaped the very landscape of hair adornment.
What traditional tools influenced textured hair care?
The evolution of textured hair care tools reflects a profound understanding of the hair’s delicate nature, a wisdom passed through generations. Early combs were crafted from natural materials like wood or bone, designed with wide teeth to gently navigate coils and minimize breakage. These tools were not simply utilitarian; they were extensions of a hands-on approach to hair, demanding patience and a nuanced touch. The communal act of styling, often involving several people, reinforced the careful, section-by-section detangling methods that are still advocated today for preserving hair integrity.
The wide-toothed comb stands as a timeless implement, its design implicitly recognizing the tendency of tightly coiled hair to knot and resist easy passage. This simple tool, a testament to ancestral ingenuity, shaped the foundational techniques of gentle detangling long before microscopic analysis confirmed the fragility of textured hair’s elliptical shaft. The use of such tools underscores a practical, inherited understanding of hair mechanics.
The Complete Textured Hair Toolkit
The toolkit for textured hair care, both ancient and modern, always aims at preserving the hair’s delicate balance. Traditional toolsets often included items such as:
- Wooden Combs ❉ Crafted for gentle detangling and even distribution of oils, preventing snags and breakage.
- Bone Picks ❉ Used for lifting and separating hair, offering volume without excessive manipulation.
- Natural Fiber Brushes ❉ Soft bristles for smoothing and polishing the hair’s surface, promoting natural shine.
- Ceremonial Hairpins and Adornments ❉ Not strictly tools, but integral to shaping and holding elaborate styles, sometimes made from precious metals or shells.
- Clay Bowls and Grinding Stones ❉ For preparing natural ingredients like clays and herbs into pastes or powders for application.
These implements, born of necessity and knowledge, reveal a consistent focus on minimizing tension and maximizing gentle care, a fundamental principle of textured hair science, observed and refined over countless generations.
Relay
The journey of textured hair science, from ancestral observation to contemporary understanding, represents a relay of wisdom. Each generation received the baton of care, passed it on, and sometimes added a new stride, informed by fresh insight. This continuous exchange between historical practice and scientific inquiry shapes a deeply layered understanding of hair, always anchored in heritage and the lived experiences of Black and mixed-race communities.
Personalized Regimens from Ancestral Wisdom
The concept of a “personalized hair regimen” might seem like a modern invention, yet its roots stretch back to ancestral wisdom. Communities understood that hair, like individuals, had unique needs. Traditional practices adapted to local climates, available resources, and individual hair responses.
This meant a nuanced approach to cleansing, moisturizing, and styling, often passed down through familial lines. The knowledge of which local plants served best for specific hair concerns was highly valued and specialized.
Modern science validates this inherited intuition. For instance, the understanding that tightly coiled hair is prone to dryness due to its structure, hindering sebum distribution, reinforces the ancestral emphasis on external lubrication. The historical use of nutrient-rich plant oils like shea butter, coconut oil, and castor oil, which have proven emollient and occlusive properties, directly aligns with the contemporary scientific advice for maintaining moisture balance in textured hair. The efficacy of these traditional components, often discovered through trial and sustained communal practice, provides a strong scientific basis for personalized care.
Ancestral hair practices provided foundational knowledge, demonstrating an intuitive understanding of hair biology long before formal scientific study.
Nighttime Sanctuary and Bonnet Heritage
The ritual of nighttime hair protection is a clear example of historical practice shaping modern hair science. The use of head coverings, like bonnets and wraps, for sleep extends back centuries in many African and diasporic cultures. This practice was not merely for aesthetic or cultural expression; it served a vital protective function. It shielded intricate hairstyles from disruption, preserved moisture, and minimized friction against rough sleeping surfaces, thereby preventing breakage and tangling.
Modern hair science confirms the importance of reducing mechanical stress on textured hair. Cotton pillowcases, with their absorbent fibers, can strip hair of moisture and create friction, leading to frizz and breakage. Silk or satin bonnets, on the other hand, provide a smooth, low-friction surface that helps retain hair’s natural oils and moisture, preserving its integrity overnight.
This understanding, once a shared practical wisdom, now has a scientific explanation, connecting generations through a simple, yet profound, act of care. The bonnet , a seemingly simple accessory, carries within its soft folds centuries of practical hair science and cultural preservation, its purpose validated by modern understanding of fiber friction and moisture retention.
How do specific ingredients bridge historical use with modern science?
Many ingredients utilized in traditional hair care have stood the test of time, their efficacy now illuminated by scientific analysis. This continuity speaks to an enduring knowledge system. Consider the widespread application of African Black Soap for cleansing. Derived from plantain peels, cocoa pods, and shea tree bark, its cleansing properties stem from naturally occurring saponins.
These compounds create a gentle lather, effectively removing impurities without stripping the hair’s essential oils, a characteristic often sought in contemporary sulfate-free shampoos. Similarly, the deep moisturizing qualities of shea butter , a staple in West African hair care for centuries, are attributed to its rich content of fatty acids and vitamins A and E, which contribute to its emollient and protective abilities. Its molecular structure allows it to condition and seal the hair cuticle, reducing moisture loss.
Another compelling example is Qasil powder , sourced from the dried leaves of the Ziziphus Spina-Christi tree, traditionally used by Somali and Ethiopian women for cleansing hair and skin. Its natural saponins create a foam when mixed with water, providing a gentle yet effective wash. These historical usages, grounded in empirical observation and passed down through generations, directly predate and align with modern scientific understanding of plant-derived surfactants and conditioning agents. The intuitive application of these natural resources represents a profound historical practice that laid a foundation for contemporary cosmetic science.
Addressing Hair Concerns Through Ancestral Lenses
Problem-solving in textured hair care has always drawn from a blend of environmental observation and inherited solutions. Issues such as dryness, breakage, and scalp irritation, common concerns today, were addressed using methods and ingredients rooted in tradition. For instance, the practice of “greasing” the scalp, while sometimes debated in modern contexts due to potential pore clogging, originated as a way to moisturize and protect the scalp, especially when access to frequent washing was limited, or to address conditions perceived as “dry scalp”.
The prevalence of certain scalp conditions in communities with textured hair is also linked to historical care practices and cultural pressures. Chemical relaxers, for instance, became widespread due to societal pressures to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards, despite their damaging effects on hair structure. This created new hair concerns, like chemical breakage and scalp irritation, that traditional practices were not designed to address directly but which highlight the historical interplay between societal norms and hair health. Understanding this history is crucial for developing effective, respectful, and culturally informed solutions today.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
Hair health, in many ancestral wellness philosophies, was not seen in isolation but as an extension of overall well-being. This holistic view, deeply embedded in heritage, considered diet, emotional state, and spiritual connection as integral to the vitality of one’s hair. Herbal remedies consumed for internal health were often believed to improve hair strength and growth. The communal aspect of hair care itself served as a social bonding ritual, contributing to mental well-being, which in turn reflects on physical health.
The wisdom of connecting internal balance with external presentation forms a powerful heritage. While modern science dissects specific nutrients and their roles in keratin synthesis or follicle health, the underlying principle of interconnectedness remains. This ancestral perspective offers a valuable counterbalance to a purely mechanistic view, reminding us that healthy hair is often a reflection of a life lived in greater balance, honoring a heritage of integrated well-being.
Relay
The journey of textured hair science, from ancestral observation to contemporary understanding, represents a relay of wisdom. Each generation received the baton of care, passed it on, and sometimes added a new stride, informed by fresh insight. This continuous exchange between historical practice and scientific inquiry shapes a deeply layered understanding of hair, always anchored in heritage and the lived experiences of Black and mixed-race communities.
Personalized Regimens from Ancestral Wisdom
The concept of a “personalized hair regimen” might seem like a modern invention, yet its roots stretch back to ancestral wisdom. Communities understood that hair, like individuals, had unique needs. Traditional practices adapted to local climates, available resources, and individual hair responses.
This meant a nuanced approach to cleansing, moisturizing, and styling, often passed down through familial lines. The knowledge of which local plants served best for specific hair concerns was highly valued and specialized.
Modern science validates this inherited intuition. For instance, the understanding that tightly coiled hair is prone to dryness due to its structure, hindering sebum distribution, reinforces the ancestral emphasis on external lubrication. The historical use of nutrient-rich plant oils like shea butter, coconut oil, and castor oil, which have proven emollient and occlusive properties, directly aligns with the contemporary scientific advice for maintaining moisture balance in textured hair. The efficacy of these traditional components, often discovered through trial and sustained communal practice, provides a strong scientific basis for personalized care.
Ancestral hair practices provided foundational knowledge, demonstrating an intuitive understanding of hair biology long before formal scientific study.
Nighttime Sanctuary and Bonnet Heritage
The ritual of nighttime hair protection is a clear example of historical practice shaping modern hair science. The use of head coverings, like bonnets and wraps, for sleep extends back centuries in many African and diasporic cultures. This practice was not merely for aesthetic or cultural expression; it served a vital protective function. It shielded intricate hairstyles from disruption, preserved moisture, and minimized friction against rough sleeping surfaces, thereby preventing breakage and tangling.
Modern hair science confirms the importance of reducing mechanical stress on textured hair. Cotton pillowcases, with their absorbent fibers, can strip hair of moisture and create friction, leading to frizz and breakage. Silk or satin bonnets, on the other hand, provide a smooth, low-friction surface that helps retain hair’s natural oils and moisture, preserving its integrity overnight.
This understanding, once a shared practical wisdom, now has a scientific explanation, connecting generations through a simple, yet profound, act of care. The bonnet , a seemingly simple accessory, carries within its soft folds centuries of practical hair science and cultural preservation, its purpose validated by modern understanding of fiber friction and moisture retention.
How do specific ingredients bridge historical use with modern science?
Many ingredients utilized in traditional hair care have stood the test of time, their efficacy now illuminated by scientific analysis. This continuity speaks to an enduring knowledge system. Consider the widespread application of African Black Soap for cleansing. Derived from plantain peels, cocoa pods, and shea tree bark, its cleansing properties stem from naturally occurring saponins.
These compounds create a gentle lather, effectively removing impurities without stripping the hair’s essential oils, a characteristic often sought in contemporary sulfate-free shampoos. Similarly, the deep moisturizing qualities of shea butter , a staple in West African hair care for centuries, are attributed to its rich content of fatty acids and vitamins A and E, which contribute to its emollient and protective abilities. Its molecular structure allows it to condition and seal the hair cuticle, reducing moisture loss.
Another compelling example is Qasil powder , sourced from the dried leaves of the Ziziphus Spina-Christi tree, traditionally used by Somali and Ethiopian women for cleansing hair and skin. Its natural saponins create a foam when mixed with water, providing a gentle yet effective wash. These historical usages, grounded in empirical observation and passed down through generations, directly predate and align with modern scientific understanding of plant-derived surfactants and conditioning agents. The intuitive application of these natural resources represents a profound historical practice that laid a foundation for contemporary cosmetic science.
Addressing Hair Concerns Through Ancestral Lenses
Problem-solving in textured hair care has always drawn from a blend of environmental observation and inherited solutions. Issues such as dryness, breakage, and scalp irritation, common concerns today, were addressed using methods and ingredients rooted in tradition. For instance, the practice of “greasing” the scalp, while sometimes debated in modern contexts due to potential pore clogging, originated as a way to moisturize and protect the scalp, especially when access to frequent washing was limited, or to address conditions perceived as “dry scalp”.
The prevalence of certain scalp conditions in communities with textured hair is also linked to historical care practices and cultural pressures. Chemical relaxers, for instance, became widespread due to societal pressures to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards, despite their damaging effects on hair structure. This created new hair concerns, like chemical breakage and scalp irritation, that traditional practices were not designed to address directly but which highlight the historical interplay between societal norms and hair health. Understanding this history is crucial for developing effective, respectful, and culturally informed solutions today.
Holistic Influences on Hair Health
Hair health, in many ancestral wellness philosophies, was not seen in isolation but as an extension of overall well-being. This holistic view, deeply embedded in heritage, considered diet, emotional state, and spiritual connection as integral to the vitality of one’s hair. Herbal remedies consumed for internal health were often believed to improve hair strength and growth. The communal aspect of hair care itself served as a social bonding ritual, contributing to mental well-being, which in turn reflects on physical health.
The wisdom of connecting internal balance with external presentation forms a powerful heritage. While modern science dissects specific nutrients and their roles in keratin synthesis or follicle health, the underlying principle of interconnectedness remains. This ancestral perspective offers a valuable counterbalance to a purely mechanistic view, reminding us that healthy hair is often a reflection of a life lived in greater balance, honoring a heritage of integrated well-being.
Reflection
The echoes of historical practices whisper through every curl and coil, reminding us that textured hair science is not a new discovery, but a continuous revelation of ancestral wisdom. It is a living, breathing archive, where the intuitive care of generations past lays the groundwork for contemporary understanding. The journey of textured hair care, from the earliest protective styles to the modern scientific analysis of a strand’s unique properties, is a profound testament to the enduring spirit of heritage. It speaks of resilience, adaptability, and the unwavering connection between identity and the crowning glory we carry.
The hair on our heads carries stories, not just of biology, but of survival, cultural memory, and an unbroken lineage of care. We stand in a place where inherited knowledge and scientific inquiry can converge, allowing us to truly honor the Soul of a Strand.
References
- Caffrey, C. (2023). Afro-textured hair. EBSCO Research Starters.
- Irizarry, Y. (2020). The Irizarry Hair Texture Scale. OSF Preprints.
- Africa Imports. (2025). Traditional African Secrets For Long And Healthy Hair.
- Wise, L. A. et al. (2020). Chemical/Straightening and Other Hair Product Usage during Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood among African-American Women ❉ Potential Implications for Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 128(7), 077005.
- Medstar. (2025). Why Do People Have Different Hair Textures?
- Malaika African Black Soap. (n.d.). Qasil Powder Direct From Somalia (Natural Skin and Hair Cleansing Ingredient).
- Reddit. (2021). No raw oils and butters vs. Traditional African hair care? ❉ r/Naturalhair.
- Mboumba, R. (2024). The Genomic Variation in Textured Hair ❉ Implications in Developing a Holistic Hair Care Routine. Cosmetics, 11(3), 85.
- Malaika African Black Soap. (n.d.). Malaika African Black Soap 100g.
- Quora. (2019). Why do black women need to grease or oil their scalps and hair?
- The Root Chakra. (2025). African Beauty and Skincare ❉ A Deep Dive into History, Traditions, and Natural Ingredients.
- Tchobo, F. P. et al. (2019). Microscopic Characteristics Of Scalp Hair Subjected To Cultural Styling Methods In Ghanaian African Females. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 12(11), 38–42.
- Loftis, A. (2021). Braids, Plaits, Locs ❉ The History of Black Protective Hairstyles. Royaltee Magazine .
- Newsweek. (2022). Everything You Need To Know About The Ancient Art Of Hair Oiling.
- Cripps-Jackson, S. (2020). The History of Textured Hair. colleen.
- Revan, D. (2023). Hair, History, and Healthcare ❉ The Significance of Black Hairstyles for Dermatologists. VisualDx.
- Bousliman, Y. et al. (2024). Cosmetopoeia of African Plants in Hair Treatment and Care ❉ Topical Nutrition and the Antidiabetic Connection? Cosmetics, 11(2), 52.
- Loftis, A. (2025). Braids, Locs, and Beyond ❉ The Beauty and History of Protective Styles. Sartorial Magazine .
- Thompson, S. L. (2009). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press. (Cited as Thompson, 2009 in some snippets, actual book source needed to confirm).
- Fabulive. (2020). Rediscovering Historical Hair Care Practices.
- Adames, T. et al. (2024). Black Hair Is a Safe Sport Issue! ❉ Black Aesthetics, Access, Inclusion, and Resistance in. Sociology of Sport Journal, 41(3), 391-404.
- Nyela, O. (2021). Braided Archives ❉ Black hair as a site of diasporic transindividuation. York University Thesis.
- Tiwari, S. & Agrawal, S. (2023). Hair Oils May Worsen Seborrheic Dermatitis in Black Patients. Dermatology, 239(3), 509–510.
- CurlsBot. (2025). The Science of Curly Hair Typing.
- Thompson, S. L. & Tharps, A. (2001). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press. (This seems to be the full source from the snippets).
- Blackshear, T. B. & Kilmon, K. (2021). Natural Hair ❉ a Vital Component to Black Women’s Health. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(6), 1573–1582.
- Wikipedia. (n.d.). Kinky hair.
- NativeMag. (2020). Examining the history and value of African hair.
- Kilburn & Strode. (2021). Afro-texture ❉ a hair-story.
- Okereke, J. C. et al. (2009). Hair Care Practices in African-American Patients. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 28(2), 103–108.
- The Gale Review. (2021). African Hairstyles – The “Dreaded” Colonial Legacy.
- Nchinech, N. et al. (2023). Plants Use in the Care and Management of Afro-Textured Hair ❉ A Survey of 100 Participants. Scholarly Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 11(11), 1984–1988.
- Kankara, I. A. et al. (2023). Ethnobotanical Survey of… Kankara et al. FJS FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 7 No. 6, December, 2023, pp 313 – 327.
- Dibong, S. D. et al. (2024). Ethnobotany and pharmacognostic perspective of plant species used as traditional cosmetics and cosmeceuticals among the Gbaya ethnic group in Eastern Cameroon. ResearchGate .