How did ancestral hair care influence modern textured hair practices?

Roots

To those who journey through the intricate landscape of textured hair, seeking not just care but understanding, know that your path is a continuation of ancient footsteps. Every curl, coil, and wave holds a story, a living archive of ingenuity and resilience passed through generations. We embark on a collective reflection, exploring how the deep wisdom of ancestral hair practices shapes the modern textured hair experience. This is not a mere recounting of history; it is an invitation to feel the enduring pulse of heritage within each strand, recognizing that our present rituals are echoes from a profound past.

What Does Textured Hair Reveal About Its Ancestral Structure?

The very architecture of textured hair, with its unique helical twists and turns, tells a tale of adaptation and environmental interaction spanning millennia. Unlike straight hair, the elliptical cross-section and uneven distribution of keratin in textured strands create natural bends and spirals. This biological design, while beautiful, presents specific needs ❉ a greater propensity for dryness due to the difficulty of natural oils traveling down the coiled shaft, and a higher susceptibility to breakage. Ancestral communities, living in diverse climates, instinctively understood these characteristics long before modern microscopy could render them visible.

Their methods, honed over countless sunrises and sunsets, addressed these precise biological realities, offering moisture, protection, and gentle handling. The ancestral wisdom recognized hair as a living extension of the self, deserving of reverence and specific care, not a uniform entity.

Consider the Himba people of Namibia , whose traditional hair practices offer a compelling illustration of ancestral care deeply intertwined with environmental conditions and cultural identity. The Himba women apply a paste called ‘otjize,’ a mixture of butterfat, red ochre, and aromatic resins, to their hair and skin. This practice, often initiated in childhood, serves multiple purposes ❉ it protects their hair from the harsh desert sun, acts as a cleanser, and provides a distinct red hue that signifies beauty and connection to the earth and their ancestors.

The application of ‘otjize’ is a daily ritual, emphasizing consistent moisture and protection for hair that would otherwise be severely dehydrated by the arid climate. This tradition directly addresses the natural dryness of textured hair, showcasing an ancient understanding of its needs.

The legacy of ancestral hair care is etched into the very structure of textured hair, guiding modern practices toward hydration and protection.

How Did Early Societies Classify Hair Textures?

The concept of hair classification is not a modern invention. While contemporary systems, like the Andre Walker typing method, attempt to categorize hair by curl pattern (from straight to coily), ancient societies held their own nuanced understandings, often rooted in social and spiritual significance rather than purely aesthetic or scientific terms. In many African cultures, hair was a powerful identifier, communicating age, marital status, social standing, tribal affiliation, and even spiritual beliefs.

For example, among various West African groups, specific braid patterns or hair adornments could signal a woman’s readiness for marriage, her recent childbirth, or her status as a respected elder. Hair was a visual language, a dynamic billboard of personal and communal history. The care rituals associated with these classifications were not arbitrary; they were deeply embedded in the collective understanding of how hair connected individuals to their community and the cosmos. This holistic view contrasts sharply with later colonial impositions that sought to homogenize or devalue textured hair, often equating straight hair with beauty and civility.

What Was the Essential Lexicon of Ancestral Hair Care?

The vocabulary of ancestral hair care was deeply rooted in the natural world and communal practices. Words describing hair types, styling techniques, and ingredients were often interwoven with terms for plants, animals, and social roles. While no single universal lexicon existed across all ancestral communities, common themes appear ❉ terms for cleansing agents derived from plant extracts, emollients from animal fats or plant butters, and specific names for intricate braiding or twisting methods.

The knowledge of these terms, passed down orally, was a testament to the specialized expertise within communities. For instance, the understanding of specific herbs for cleansing or conditioning was not merely anecdotal; it represented generations of empirical observation and refinement. Modern textured hair practices, though often using scientific terminology, frequently seek to validate or replicate the efficacy of these traditional approaches. The contemporary return to ingredients like shea butter, coconut oil, and various plant-based cleansers is a direct continuation of this ancient linguistic and practical legacy.

How Did Environmental Factors Influence Hair Growth and Care Historically?

Hair growth cycles and influencing factors were intimately understood by ancestral communities through observation and experience. Diet, climate, and lifestyle all played significant roles in hair health. A diet rich in nutrient-dense, whole foods, typical of many ancestral eating patterns, provided the building blocks for strong hair. Environmental elements, such as intense sun, dry air, or humidity, shaped the necessity for protective styles and moisturizing regimens.

For example, in regions with arid climates, the emphasis was on sealing in moisture and protecting strands from sun damage. This led to the widespread use of heavy oils, butters, and elaborate protective styles that minimized exposure. In contrast, communities in more humid environments might have prioritized cleansing and air circulation. The practice of hair wrapping, seen across many African cultures, served not only ceremonial purposes but also shielded hair from the elements and preserved moisture, a direct response to environmental needs.

Ritual

As we move from the foundational understanding of textured hair’s origins, a deeper appreciation for the applied wisdom of ancestral practices unfolds. One might ask how the ancient artistry of hair care has evolved to shape our present styling experiences. This segment steps into the vibrant space where traditional techniques and contemporary methods meet, offering a guided exploration of how our ancestors’ daily rituals and tools continue to guide the aesthetics and protective strategies we cherish today. It is a shared heritage, a continuous thread connecting past ingenuity with present expression, all with a gentle respect for the traditions that shaped us.

What Are the Ancestral Roots of Protective Styling?

Protective styling, a cornerstone of modern textured hair care, holds deep ancestral roots. Across African continents and within diasporic communities, styles that shield hair ends and minimize manipulation have been practiced for millennia. These were not merely aesthetic choices; they served vital functions of hair preservation, hygiene, and social communication. Braids, twists, and various forms of updos were common, often taking hours to complete, a testament to their value and the communal nature of hair care.

The Mbalantu women of Namibia offer a compelling historical example of protective styling. Their elaborate ‘eembuvi’ plaits, which can reach remarkable lengths, are the result of a lifelong process of meticulous care and protective methods. Starting around age twelve, girls apply a paste of finely ground omutyuula tree bark mixed with fat to their hair, a treatment believed to promote growth and protect the strands.

This paste, along with subsequent additions of sinew strands and fruit pips, creates heavy, protective styles that are maintained for years, transitioning through various life stages, including marriage. This practice showcases a profound understanding of long-term hair health and protection against environmental factors.

The intricate patterns of ancestral protective styles, such as the Himba ‘otjize’ or Mbalantu ‘eembuvi,’ speak to an ancient understanding of hair preservation and cultural expression.

The practice of braiding, for instance, has been documented in Africa as early as 3500 BCE, with archaeological evidence showing cornrows in ancient Saharan rock paintings. These styles were not just about aesthetics; they provided practical solutions for managing hair in diverse climates, reducing tangling, and keeping hair neat during demanding daily activities. During the transatlantic slave trade, braids even served as covert maps for escape routes, holding seeds for sustenance, highlighting their critical role beyond mere appearance.

Modern protective styles, such as box braids, twists, and cornrows, directly mirror these ancient techniques, offering similar benefits of reduced manipulation and environmental protection. The continuity of these styles underscores a living heritage, where the wisdom of the past informs the practical choices of the present.

How Have Natural Styling Techniques Been Shaped by Ancestral Methods?

The pursuit of natural styling and definition is a return to forms celebrated by ancestors. Before the widespread adoption of chemical straighteners and heat tools, communities relied on techniques that honored the hair’s natural texture. These methods were often labor-intensive, requiring patience and skill, and were deeply communal activities.

Traditional practices often involved the use of natural ingredients to enhance curl patterns and provide moisture. Plant-based gels, clays, and oils were applied to define coils and add sheen. The use of finger coiling, twisting, and knotting techniques, like Bantu knots, finds its lineage in these ancestral practices. Bantu knots, originating from the Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa, were not only a styling method but also a way to stretch and prepare hair for other styles, while also carrying cultural and spiritual significance.

The modern emphasis on wash-and-go styles, twist-outs, and braid-outs is a contemporary interpretation of these historical approaches. The aim remains consistent ❉ to celebrate the hair’s inherent beauty and texture without altering its natural state. The tools used have evolved, yet the underlying principles of gentle handling, moisture retention, and pattern definition remain central, directly echoing the care philosophies of those who came before us.

What Was the Historical and Cultural Use of Hair Extensions?

The use of wigs and hair extensions is far from a modern invention; their history spans millennia, particularly within African and Egyptian cultures, serving roles that extended beyond mere adornment. In ancient Egypt, wigs were a prominent feature of daily life for both men and women, signifying status, age, and even religious devotion. These elaborate creations were crafted from human hair, wool, or plant fibers, often intricately braided and adorned with gold, beads, or precious materials.

Beyond aesthetics, wigs and extensions in ancient Egypt offered practical benefits, providing protection from the sun and serving as a defense against lice, especially for priests who maintained shaved heads for ritual purity. The meticulous artistry involved in their creation speaks to a society that held hair in high regard, recognizing its capacity to convey social standing and personal identity. Similarly, in various African societies, extensions made from natural fibers or even animal hair were integrated into traditional hairstyles to add length, volume, or to achieve specific ceremonial looks.

This historical context reveals that the modern popularity of hair extensions for length, volume, or protective styling is a continuation of a long-standing heritage. While the materials and manufacturing processes have changed, the fundamental desire to manipulate hair for aesthetic, protective, or symbolic purposes remains a powerful link to our ancestors.

A list of traditional hair care ingredients:

• Shea Butter ❉ A fatty substance extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree, used for centuries as a moisturizer and sealant for hair and skin.
• Coconut Oil ❉ A versatile oil widely used across various cultures for its conditioning and moisturizing properties.
• Aloe Vera ❉ Known for its soothing and hydrating qualities, applied to scalp and hair for health.
• Henna ❉ A plant-based dye also used for its conditioning and strengthening properties.
• Castor Oil ❉ Applied for hair growth and scalp health, particularly in ancient Egypt.
• Yucca Root ❉ Used by Indigenous tribes in North America as a natural shampoo and conditioner.
• Omutyuula Tree Bark ❉ A key ingredient for the Mbalantu women, mixed with fat for hair growth and protection.

How Did Ancestral Societies Handle Heat Styling and What Lessons Remain?

Heat styling, as we understand it today, was not a common practice in ancestral hair care, primarily due to the absence of modern heating tools. The focus was overwhelmingly on natural methods that preserved hair integrity. Yet, some historical accounts suggest forms of indirect heat or tension methods to stretch hair. The ‘hot comb’ era in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a significant shift, introducing direct heat as a means of straightening textured hair, often with considerable risk of damage.

The lessons from ancestral practices lean heavily toward a safety-first approach, prioritizing hair health over temporary alteration. The historical reliance on protective styles, natural stretching techniques, and moisture-rich ingredients inherently avoided the damage associated with high heat. This historical perspective offers a guiding principle for modern textured hair care ❉ that thermal reconditioning, while offering stylistic versatility, must be approached with extreme caution, prioritizing the hair’s long-term vitality, a direct continuation of ancestral respect for the hair’s inherent strength.

What Traditional Tools Shaped Ancestral Hair Care?

The complete textured hair toolkit of our ancestors was crafted from the earth itself, a testament to their resourcefulness and deep connection to their environment. These tools were not just functional; they were often imbued with cultural significance and artistic expression.

Common traditional tools included:

1. Combs and Picks ❉ Carved from wood, bone, ivory, or animal horns, these tools were designed with wider teeth to navigate coiled textures, minimizing breakage. Some ancient Egyptian combs, dating back to 3900 BCE, featured elaborate animal motifs, signifying their dual role as practical implements and adornments.
2. Hair Pins and Adornments ❉ Beads, cowrie shells, gold, silver coins, and plant fibers were used not only for decoration but also to secure styles and convey social messages.
3. Natural Applicators ❉ Hands were the primary tools for applying oils, butters, and pastes, fostering a direct, sensory connection with the hair.
4. Ceremonial Instruments ❉ Specialized tools might have been used for specific rituals, reflecting the sacred dimension of hair care in many cultures.

These tools, often passed down through generations, speak to the enduring heritage of textured hair care, where functionality met artistry, and every item held a story.

Relay

As we ascend to the more intricate dimensions of textured hair care, one might consider how ancestral wisdom continues to shape our modern regimens and problem-solving approaches. This segment invites a deeper reflection on the interconnectedness of historical practices, scientific understanding, and the enduring quest for holistic well-being. It is a journey into the profound insights that link ancient traditions to contemporary solutions, revealing how the relay of knowledge across generations continues to nourish our strands and our spirits, grounded in the profound significance of heritage.

How Do Ancestral Wisdom and Modern Science Inform Textured Hair Regimens?

The creation of a personalized textured hair regimen today stands upon a foundation laid by ancestral wisdom, now illuminated by modern scientific understanding. Our ancestors, through generations of observation and practice, developed sophisticated care routines that instinctively addressed the unique needs of textured hair. They understood the importance of moisture, protection, and gentle handling, long before the terms “porosity” or “protein-moisture balance” entered our lexicon.

For example, the widespread use of plant-based oils and butters—like shea butter, coconut oil, and various herbal infusions—across African and Indigenous communities was not merely a matter of availability. These ingredients were chosen for their emollient, sealing, and nourishing properties, directly countering the natural tendency of textured hair to dry out. Modern science now validates these choices, explaining how the fatty acids in shea butter or the molecular structure of coconut oil can penetrate the hair shaft or sit on its surface to provide protective barriers. This convergence of ancient practice and contemporary validation forms the bedrock of effective regimens, where a holistic approach, honoring the body’s interconnected systems, remains central.

The concept of layering products, often called the “LOC” (Liquid, Oil, Cream) method in modern care, finds a parallel in historical practices where different natural substances were applied in sequence to cleanse, condition, and seal. This thoughtful application was a ritual, a mindful act of care that nurtured both the hair and the individual’s spirit.

What Is the Historical Basis of Nighttime Hair Sanctuary and Bonnet Wisdom?

The practice of protecting hair at night, often with head coverings, is a tradition deeply rooted in ancestral wisdom, particularly within Black and mixed-race communities. This was not a mere fashion statement but a practical necessity for preserving intricate hairstyles, retaining moisture, and preventing tangling and breakage during sleep. The satin bonnet, a staple in modern textured hair care, carries the legacy of headwraps and scarves worn for centuries.

Historically, head coverings were multi-functional. They signified status, tribal affiliation, and marital status in many African societies. During the transatlantic slave trade, forced head shaving and the subsequent imposition of headwraps as a mark of servitude did not erase the intrinsic value of covering hair.

Instead, these coverings became a subtle act of resistance, a means to maintain dignity, and a practical way to preserve hair health amidst brutal conditions. Enslaved women would repurpose fabrics into headscarves, shielding their hair from sun, dirt, and scalp afflictions.

The modern bonnet, typically made of satin or silk, echoes this protective function. Its smooth surface minimizes friction, reducing breakage and preserving moisture, thereby extending the life of styles and promoting overall hair health. This direct lineage from ancestral head coverings to contemporary bonnets highlights an enduring, practical wisdom passed down through generations, a testament to the continuous struggle for hair preservation and cultural affirmation.

How Do Traditional Ingredients Meet Modern Textured Hair Needs?

The deep dives into ingredients for textured hair needs invariably lead back to the potent botanicals and natural substances honored by ancestral communities. These traditional ingredients are not merely historical curiosities; they are foundational to modern hair wellness, their efficacy now often supported by scientific understanding.

Consider the use of African black soap as a cleanser. Derived from plantain skins, cocoa pods, and shea tree bark, this traditional soap was used for cleansing both skin and hair. Its gentle yet effective cleansing properties, along with its rich mineral content, make it a respected ingredient today for those seeking natural alternatives to harsh shampoos. Similarly, rhassoul clay , originating from the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, has been used for centuries as a detoxifying cleanser and conditioner, prized for its ability to draw out impurities while leaving hair soft.

A list of traditional ingredients and their modern applications:

• African Black Soap ❉ Ancestrally used as a cleanser; now valued for its gentle cleansing and mineral content in modern shampoos.
• Rhassoul Clay ❉ Traditionally a detoxifying cleanser and conditioner; now used in hair masks and cleansers for clarifying and softening.
• Chebe Powder ❉ Originating from Chad, historically used by Basara women to strengthen hair and prevent breakage, contributing to length retention; now gaining popularity in hair growth regimens.
• Fenugreek ❉ A seed used in ancient Indian and Middle Eastern traditions for hair growth and conditioning; now a popular ingredient in hair rinses and masks for strength and shine.
• Amla (Indian Gooseberry) ❉ An Ayurvedic staple for centuries, known for strengthening hair and promoting growth; widely used in modern hair oils and treatments.

The enduring appeal of these ingredients lies in their proven effectiveness and their alignment with a holistic philosophy that views hair care as an extension of overall well-being. This ongoing dialogue between ancestral wisdom and modern cosmetic science allows for the creation of products that are both efficacious and deeply respectful of heritage.

From ancient scalp massages to modern hair oils, the thread of holistic hair health binds past practices to present well-being.

How Do Ancestral Wellness Philosophies Guide Hair Health Today?

The holistic influences on hair health, deeply embedded in ancestral wellness philosophies, offer a profound lens through which to view modern textured hair care. Our ancestors understood that hair health was not isolated but intertwined with the body’s overall vitality, spiritual well-being, and connection to the natural world. This comprehensive perspective is a cornerstone of Roothea’s ethos, advocating for care that extends beyond topical application.

Traditional healing systems, such as Ayurveda in India or the diverse medicinal practices across Africa, often viewed hair as an indicator of internal balance. For instance, in Ayurvedic philosophy, hair and nails are considered secondary tissues of the bones, implying that optimal bone health contributes to vibrant hair. This ancient insight prompts a modern consideration of diet, stress management, and overall physiological harmony as critical components of hair care.

Ancestral practices frequently incorporated rituals that nurtured both body and spirit ❉ communal hair braiding as a social bond, scalp massages to stimulate circulation and promote relaxation, and the use of botanicals for their medicinal as well as cosmetic properties. These practices were not just about physical results; they were acts of self-care, community building, and spiritual connection. The modern movement toward mindful beauty, sustainable sourcing, and wellness-oriented hair care directly reflects these enduring ancestral philosophies. It is a recognition that true radiance stems from a harmonious relationship with oneself, one’s community, and the earth, a heritage of holistic living that continues to inform and inspire.

Relay

To deepen our collective reflection on textured hair, we now arrive at a point where the intricacies of ancestral practices converge with the evolving narratives of identity and future possibilities. One might consider how the profound legacy of our forebears continues to shape not just our daily routines, but the very cultural landscape of textured hair. This section delves into the sophisticated interplay of biological truths, social constructs, and historical resilience, unveiling how ancestral hair care continues to influence modern textured hair practices, extending its reach into identity, science, and the broader cultural conversation. It is a journey that moves beyond surface-level understanding, inviting a profound appreciation for the enduring power of heritage.

How Does Ancestral Knowledge Validate Modern Hair Science?

The profound connection between ancestral hair care and modern textured hair practices is most evident in the validation of traditional knowledge by contemporary hair science. For generations, ancestral communities developed highly effective methods for maintaining hair health, often through empirical observation and passed-down wisdom. Today, scientific research frequently confirms the underlying principles of these practices, bridging the gap between ancient ritual and molecular understanding.

Consider the use of natural oils and butters, such as shea butter or coconut oil , which were central to many African and diasporic hair care regimens. Modern trichology now explains that the unique chemical composition of these emollients allows them to penetrate the hair shaft, reducing protein loss and providing deep conditioning, especially beneficial for the often dry and porous nature of textured hair. Coconut oil, for example, possesses a molecular structure that permits it to enter the hair cortex, a property not shared by all oils.

Similarly, the historical reliance on protective styles, like braids and twists, finds scientific backing in their ability to minimize mechanical stress, reduce environmental exposure, and promote length retention by limiting manipulation. The consistent application of these styles, observed across millennia, aligns with modern understanding of hair growth cycles and the importance of reducing friction to prevent breakage.

This validation extends to the understanding of scalp health. Ancestral practices often included scalp massages and the use of herbal rinses to stimulate circulation and address common scalp conditions. Contemporary dermatology recognizes the critical role of a healthy scalp microbiome and blood flow in supporting hair growth and vitality. The wisdom of our ancestors, therefore, was not merely anecdotal; it was an intuitive grasp of principles that modern science now meticulously dissects and quantifies.

How Does Ancestral Hair Care Shape Cultural Narratives and Identity?

Ancestral hair care practices are not simply about grooming; they are living expressions of cultural identity and powerful narratives that have shaped the experiences of Black and mixed-race individuals across centuries. Hair, in many African societies, served as a profound visual language, communicating status, age, marital standing, and even spiritual beliefs.

The forced stripping of these practices during the transatlantic slave trade—through head shaving and the imposition of Eurocentric beauty standards—was a deliberate act of dehumanization, aiming to sever the connection to ancestral heritage. Yet, resilience prevailed. Enslaved Africans adapted, using whatever resources were available to maintain their hair, often in secret. Braids became coded messages for escape routes, and headwraps, initially symbols of servitude, transformed into statements of dignity and cultural persistence.

The “Black is Beautiful” movement of the 1960s, which saw a resurgence of natural hairstyles like the Afro, was a direct reclamation of this ancestral legacy. It was a powerful political statement, a rejection of imposed beauty norms, and an affirmation of Black identity and pride. In contemporary contexts, the decision to wear one’s hair in its natural texture is often a conscious act of reconnecting with this rich heritage, a silent conversation with ancestors who maintained their cultural expressions despite immense pressure.

This enduring connection is particularly visible in places like Cuba, where the revival of Afro hairstyles reflects a broader movement among Afro-Cubans to reclaim their narrative and express pride in their roots, challenging entrenched Eurocentric beauty standards. The hair becomes a canvas for self-determination, a visible testament to the continuity of cultural legacy. (Vargas, 2024)

How Do Ancestral Practices Address Common Textured Hair Challenges?

The problem-solving compendium for textured hair, from dryness to breakage, often finds its most effective solutions rooted in ancestral wisdom. These traditional approaches, honed over generations, offer time-tested remedies that continue to address the inherent challenges of coiled and curly hair types.

For instance, the challenge of dryness , a common concern for textured hair due to its structure, was historically met with consistent application of rich, natural emollients. As seen with the Mbalantu women’s omutyuula paste or the widespread use of shea butter, these practices provided deep, lasting moisture and a protective seal. Modern regimens replicate this through the use of leave-in conditioners, oils, and creams designed to hydrate and lock in moisture.

Breakage, another prevalent issue, was mitigated by ancestral reliance on protective styles that minimized manipulation and friction. Braids, twists, and wrapped styles reduced exposure to the elements and prevented tangling, thereby preserving hair length. The meticulous care involved in these styles, often a communal activity, underscored a preventative approach to hair health. Modern care mirrors this through low-manipulation styling, satin pillowcases, and bonnets, all aimed at reducing mechanical stress.

Scalp health, crucial for overall hair vitality, was addressed through herbal rinses and regular scalp massages. Indigenous tribes in North America used plants like yucca root and yarrow as natural shampoos and conditioners, recognizing their cleansing and soothing properties. These ancestral methods fostered a healthy scalp environment, a principle that underpins modern anti-dandruff treatments and scalp care routines. The profound simplicity and effectiveness of these time-honored solutions speak to an enduring understanding of textured hair’s unique needs, passed down through the ages.

Reflection

As our exploration concludes, we stand at a vantage point, gazing back at the enduring legacy of ancestral hair care and its vibrant imprint on modern textured hair practices. The journey has revealed not merely a collection of techniques, but a profound continuum of cultural identity, scientific intuition, and spiritual connection. Each twist, coil, and braid becomes a living testament to generations of resilience, ingenuity, and beauty.

Roothea’s vision, the ‘Soul of a Strand,’ finds its deepest meaning here ❉ recognizing that hair is not merely an adornment, but a sacred repository of heritage, a vibrant thread connecting us to those who walked before. The wisdom of the past is not a static relic; it is a dynamic, breathing force that continues to guide our hands, inform our choices, and affirm the inherent magnificence of textured hair, ensuring its story, its care, and its heritage endure for all time.

References

• Byrd, A. & Tharps, L. L. (2001). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
• Dabiri, E. (2019). Twisted ❉ The Tangled History of Black Hair Culture. Harper Perennial.
• Davis-Sivasothy, A. (2011). The Science of Black Hair ❉ A Comprehensive Guide to Textured Hair Care. Sivasothy Publishing.
• Ellington, T. (2020). Textures ❉ The History and Art of Black Hair. Schiffer Publishing.
• Thompson, S. (2008). Hair Story ❉ Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press.
• Vargas, Y. R. (2024). Free Curls In Cuba ❉ An Afro Hairstyle Revival Of Identity And Politics. Worldcrunch.
• Yerima, S. (2017). The Imperial Aesthetic ❉ Hair and Black Women’s Consciousness. In Hair Matters ❉ Beauty, Power, and Black Women’s Consciousness. Duke University Press.